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Fine-Grained Image Recognition with Bio-Inspired Gradient-Aware Attention. [PDF]

open access: yesBiomimetics (Basel)
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europepmc   +1 more source
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Tests of the empirical classification of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade

Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 2002
Tests of the Empirical Classification of Horizontal and Vertical IntraIndustry Trade. — Using longitudinal data this paper shows the separation of international trade in (a) inter-industry trade, (b) horizontal intra-industry trade, and (c) vertical intra-industry trade used in the empirical trade literature to be non-stable at the individual product ...
Nielsen, Jørgen Ulff-Møller   +1 more
exaly   +6 more sources

Measuring vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade: the case for Turkey

open access: yesInternational Journal of Economics and Business Research, 2012
Measuring horizontal intra-industry trade and vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) requires that traded products be classified as horizontally differentiated and vertically differentiated, and Greenaway et al. (1994) do this by using the relative unit values of exports and imports. We used the five-digit SITC, Rev.
Guzin Erlat, Haluk Erlat
exaly   +3 more sources

Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade: A Cross Industry Analysis for the United Kingdom

Economic Journal, 1995
A large theoretical literature has emerged directed at explaining the presence of intra-industry trade (IIT). One of the distinctions which comes out of these models is that between horizontal IIT (where goods are differentiated by attributes) and vertical IIT (where goods are differentiated by quality). In this paper horizontal and vertical IIT in U.K.
Chris Milner, David Greenaway
exaly   +2 more sources

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE IN THE PROCESSED FOOD SECTOR

1998
For the first time in the food trade literature, the determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) in horizontally differentiated products and vertically differentiated products are separately tested using the most recent theoretical models of IIT. For both 1980 and 1990, the econometric results confirm country- and industry- specific determinants ...
Frahan, Bruno Henry De   +3 more
openaire   +3 more sources

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