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Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2016
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses of the Paramyoviridaie family. There are four serotypes which cause respiratory illnesses in children and adults. HPIVs bind and replicate in the ciliated epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract and the extent of the infection correlates with the location ...
Ann R Falsey, Angela R Branche
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Biology of parainfluenza viruses [PDF]

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1994
Parainfluenza virus types 1 to 4 (PIV1 to PIV4) are important human pathogens that cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants and children. PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 are second only to respiratory syncytial virus as a cause of croup in young children.
R, Vainionpää, T, Hyypiä
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Parainfluenza Viruses [PDF]

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2003
SUMMARYHuman parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. This has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses.
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Parainfluenza virus infections [PDF]

Postgraduate Medical Journal, 1973
Summary Parainfluenza viruses types 1, 2 and 3 were found in 2·5%, 0·8% and 1·6% respectively of patients examined in the MRC/PHLS general practice survey and in 2·2%, 0·7% and 2·7% of those in the hospital survey. Type 3 infections were found earlier in life than type 1, while type 2 infections tended to be detected in older children ...
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Parainfluenza Infections in the Community [PDF]