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Proportionality-Induced Distribution Laws
2014The differential equation for Lorenz curves which leads to the one-parametric Pareto distribution, see Chap. 7, can be considered as proportionality law. This law relates the Lorenz density to the income share of certain population segments and allows a variety of variations and relaxations leading to a functional rather than differential equation. One
Thomas Kämpke, Franz Josef Radermacher
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Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law
2021Abstract The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This
Amichai Cohen, David Zlotogorski
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The Principle of Proportionality and European Contract Law
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013The paper investigates the role of the principle of proportionality within contract law, in balancing the rights and obligations of the contracting parties. It illustrates that the principle of proportionality is one of the general principles which govern contractual relations, and as such it is an underlying principle of more specific rules of EU ...
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Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law
2023This book seeks to clarify the legal concept of proportionality in international humanitarian law, as it applies during armed conflict. It is argued in the book that a refocus of the interpretation of the proportionality rule is warranted to enhance the protection of civilians.
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Necessity and Proportionality in International Law
2018International law constrains both the resort to military force and the conduct of hostilities. In both contexts, principles of necessity and proportionality limit the lawful use of lethal violence. The content of these principles is controversial, however, both within each context and across contexts. This chapter aims to illuminate these controversies
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Proportionality, Equality Laws, and Religion
2017This book considers how the law should manage conflicts between the right of religious freedom and that of non-discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. These disputes are often high-profile and frequently receive a lot of media attention and public debate. Starting from the basis that both these rights are valuable and worthy of protection,
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Proportionality and Force in International Law
American Journal of International Law, 1993Proportionality is a fundamental component of the law on the use of force and the law of armed conflict—the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello. In the former, it refers to a belligerent’s response to a grievance and, in the latter, to the balance to be struck between the achievement of a military goal and the cost in terms of lives.
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Application of Water Pump Proportionality Law to Heating and Air Conditioning Systems
, 2013Y. Fu, Xiao Zhou, Hong Zhou
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