Results 241 to 250 of about 53,091,243 (307)

Obligation, Exemption and Remission: The Multi‐Layered Functioning of the Poll Tax (Cizye) in Ottoman Governance during the Long Eighteenth Century

open access: yesHistory, EarlyView.
Abstract This article examines the poll tax (Ottoman Turkish cizye; Arabic jizya) levied on non‐Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire, not as a fixed, one‐dimensional tax item within the Ottoman fiscal system but as a multi‐layered administrative instrument organized around obligation, exemption and remission.
ÖZLEM BAŞARIR
wiley   +1 more source

Multilingual news dataset about Ukraine (2022-2025): data collection and documentation. [PDF]

open access: yesSci Data
Lipianina-Honcharenko K   +4 more
europepmc   +1 more source

A War of Words: Framing the Austrian Civil War through the Language of the Combatants

open access: yesHistory, EarlyView.
Abstract The Austrian civil war was a four‐day conflict in 1934 between the largest left‐wing paramilitary, the Schutzbund, and government forces aligned with the largest right‐wing paramilitary group, the Heimwehr. The Schutzbund was quickly and brutally suppressed through the use of overwhelming force, armoured vehicles and even artillery deployment ...
Jenna Byers
wiley   +1 more source

Non‐Career Ambassador Appointments: Transformations in Turkish Diplomacy during the 1920s and 1930s

open access: yesHistory, EarlyView.
Abstract During the early years of the Turkish Republic, the establishment of foreign missions, the assignment of new diplomats to these missions as well as the inheritance of experiences, diplomats, buildings and other assets from the Ottoman Empire were matters of major political concern.
Evren Küçük
wiley   +1 more source

Knocking on sports clubs' doors: A field experiment on ethnic discrimination in Germany. [PDF]

open access: yesPNAS Nexus
Nesseler C   +4 more
europepmc   +1 more source

VISIBILITY IN AUTHORITARIAN URBAN SPACE: The (De)politicizing City and Grassroots Mobilizations in Russia

open access: yesInternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research, EarlyView.
Abstract This article reconsiders the relationship between visibility and politicization. Drawing on empirical evidence from urban mobilization campaigns across Russia, we counter the existing literature on theories of the post‐political and liminality by identifying four dimensions of visibility—publicity in urban space, objects of urban contestation,
Valeria Rumiantseva, Liubov Chernysheva
wiley   +1 more source

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