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Spread-F theories—a review

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1981
Our understanding of equatorial spread-F (ESF) phenomena has progressed significantly in the past several years. ESF phenomena involves ionospheric irregularities spanning some 5–6 orders of magnitude in scale size. The largest scale sizes, on the order of many kilometers, are thought to be caused by a plasma fluid type Rayleigh-Taylor instability ...
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Spread F phenomenon

AIP Conference Proceedings, 1992
Because of its complex nature, the knowledge of spread F is not commensurate with the long period of its study. Rockets, satellites and radar systems have greatley advanced observational information on spread F. We have outlined some of these observations and presented information on certain morphology and characteristics of both the equatorial and ...
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Mid-latitude spread-F structure

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1988
Spread-F has been observed at frequencies of 1.98, 3.84 and 5.80 MHz and multiple angles of arrival have been resolved using an HF radar near Brisbane (27°S, 153°E). The spreading of the ionogram trace has been shown to be due to a spread in angles of arrival of echoes, rather than any 'vertical' spreading.
From W.R., Meehan D.H.
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A study of midlatitude spread-F

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1977
Abstract Results of a study of the occurrence of spread-F at Christchurch (43.6°S, 172.8°E; invariant latitude Λ = 49.0°S) over the period June 1965-December 1974 are presented. There is a significant positive correlation between the occurrence of spread-F in the post-midnight period and Kp, the occurrence of spread-F lagging behind Kp by 1 to 2 days.
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Artificial control of equatorial spread-F

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1978
Abstract We have studied the influence of a large amplitude electric field oscillating near the upper hybrid frequency on the dispersion characteristics of low frequency Rayleigh-Taylor modes and collisional drift modes. Since these modes have been proposed as principal constituents of spread- F , we investigate the conditions for the parametric ...
S Bujarbarua, A Sen
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Spread-F and the Latitude Variation of Occurrence of Whistlers

Nature, 1961
RECENT work of whistling atmospherics has suggested that the incidence of the phenomenon is dependent on latitude. Crouchley1, using data from Australian and Japanese stations, demonstrated that whistler activity reaches a maximum at about 45°geomagnetic latitude, while the Stanford group 2 report a maximum of occurrence at 50°geomagnetic latitude.
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On spread-F in the ionosphere before earthquakes

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2006
Occurrence probability of the ionospheric spread-F in connection with earthquakes is analyzed. The F-layer is not close to the Earth (∼400 km), but in situ data could be obtained either by ionospheric sounders or by satellites. Data from the two Japanese ionospheric stations Kokubunji and Akita have been analyzed to find out long-term (a few weeks ...
Liperovskaya, E. V.   +3 more
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Classification of spread-F ionograms

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1962
Abstract Scaling of original ionograms obtained in the polar regions has lead to a classification scheme for spread-F ionograms. Defined are three types of frequency spreading (spreadish-F, furcated-F and spurred-F) and one type of range spreading. Each type is subdivided into species.
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Spread F modeling over Brazil

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2017
Abstract Based on a numerical model developed by Carrasco et al. (2014), the dynamics and morphology of ionospheric plasma bubbles for both magnetic hemispheres over Brazil are examined. Observational results show that the post sunset maximum velocity of the pre-reversal vertical drift velocity, V P , has different values at the conjugate ...
A.J. Carrasco   +3 more
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Spread-F at Temperate and High Latitudes

IETE Journal of Research, 1966
ABSTRACTSpread-F at temperate and high latitudes has been analysed to study its variation with season, geomagnetic activity, sunspot activity and h'F. It is observed that at low temperate latitudes there is no correlation with geomagnetic activity. At high temperate latitudes spread-F is positively correlated with geomagnetic activity in winter and ...
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