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Unresolved spread-f as a result of pulse spreading

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1977
Abstract The shape of pulses returned to an ionosonde after reflection from an electron density profile containing irregularities which cause the composite profile to be non-monotonic have been calculated. The effect of the ionosonde receiver on these returned pulse shapes has been simulated by band-pass filtering the received frequency spectrum and ...
I Robinson, P.L Dyson
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Geomorphology of spread F and characteristics of equatorial spread F

Journal of Geophysical Research, 1959
Between magnetic latitudes 20°N and 20°S there is a well defined region where spread F is a normal occurrence on magnetically quiet days. Equatorial spread F is a night-time phenomenon that begins between 1900 and 2200 by a characteristic doubling of the layer and an increase in virtual height, indicating a vertical velocity.
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The belt of equatorial spread-F

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1960
Abstract The morphology of the belt of equatorial spread-F at sunspot maximum is investigated, using I.G.Y. data, for magnetically quiet and magnetically disturbed conditions respectively. The belt is found to extend from about 30°S to 30°N in magnetic latitude and to have a region of very high incidence, exceeding 90 per cent for the early part of ...
Lyon, AJ, Skinner, NJ, Wright, RWH
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Spread-F on ionograms

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1970
Abstract Spread- F echoes are not due to partial reflection from small irregularities. Rather they are due to total reflection from large tilted surfaces of ionization. The geometry of these surfaces is examined using ionograms and airglow observations, together with Australian experiments reported in the literature.
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A study of equatorial spread-F

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1963
Data from seven stations ranging in magnetic dip from 0° to 44°N have been analysed to study night time and seasonal variations of spread-F through nearly half a solar cycle. It is observed that the inhibition of spread-F due to geomagnetic activity is maximum in the equinoxes.
S. Rangaswamy, K.B. Kapasi
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The spread-F equator

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1963
An explanation of the position of the spread-F equator under sunspot maximum and sunspot minimum conditions is put forward. This explanation is based on the theory of spread-F irregularity production by Martyn amplification of irregularities initiated by hydromagnetic waves.
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Duration of equatorial spread F

Nature, 1975
IT is well established1–3 that the spread-F phenomenon, which is observed as diffuse echoes on the ionograms is a common feature during night time between the dip latitudes 20°N and 20°S. Based on the study of ionograms and published monthly f0F2 bulletins, morphological features of spread F have been reported for several equatorial stations1,4–10 ...
V. V. SOMAYAJULU   +2 more
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Spread F phenomenon

AIP Conference Proceedings, 1992
Because of its complex nature, the knowledge of spread F is not commensurate with the long period of its study. Rockets, satellites and radar systems have greatley advanced observational information on spread F. We have outlined some of these observations and presented information on certain morphology and characteristics of both the equatorial and ...
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Spread-F theories—a review

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1981
Our understanding of equatorial spread-F (ESF) phenomena has progressed significantly in the past several years. ESF phenomena involves ionospheric irregularities spanning some 5–6 orders of magnitude in scale size. The largest scale sizes, on the order of many kilometers, are thought to be caused by a plasma fluid type Rayleigh-Taylor instability ...
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Mid-latitude spread-F structure

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1988
Spread-F has been observed at frequencies of 1.98, 3.84 and 5.80 MHz and multiple angles of arrival have been resolved using an HF radar near Brisbane (27°S, 153°E). The spreading of the ionogram trace has been shown to be due to a spread in angles of arrival of echoes, rather than any 'vertical' spreading.
From W.R., Meehan D.H.
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