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Tunneling Into Superconductors
Physical Review Letters, 1962The tunneling of electrons through a thin insulating layer between a normal and a superconducting metal is discussed. A previous derivation is examined to bring out the connection with the semiconductor model of a superconductor, and the quasi-particle excitations in normal and superconducting states are discussed. (H.D.R.)
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Refrigeration for superconductors
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2004Temperatures in the range of 0.05 to 80 K are required for most applications of superconductors. Refrigeration powers range from fractions of a watt for many electronic applications to kilowatts for some large magnet and power applications. This paper reviews the various types of refrigeration methods currently available to meet the needs of various ...
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