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How Many Trophic Levels Are There?
Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1996Abstract The number of trophic levels found in most durable natural ecosystems is four as both the disequilibrium of trophic energy flow at the lowest trophic level normalized to the incoming flow there and the incoming flow itself normalized to the maximum carrying flow decrease.
Koichiro Matsuno, Nobuaki Ono
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Coevolution at Two Trophic Levels
1990In any real community of living organisms, be it on grassland weed patch by the roadside, in marshland, or in forest, there will be present a great number of species of plants, animals, and probably of bacteria and viruses. If you consider pairs of these species, they will almost all show some type of interaction. An interaction between two species can
S. D. Jayakar, L. A. Zonta
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1994
Higher trophic levels are considered to be negligible in the overall carbon balance of the Oosterschelde and were therefore not included in the SMOES model. Nevertheless fish, birds and seals are quite conspicuous members of the ecosystem, both before and after completion of the Delta plan.
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Higher trophic levels are considered to be negligible in the overall carbon balance of the Oosterschelde and were therefore not included in the SMOES model. Nevertheless fish, birds and seals are quite conspicuous members of the ecosystem, both before and after completion of the Delta plan.
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QSARs for aromatic hydrocarbons at several trophic levels
Environmental Toxicology, 2006AbstractQuantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) with aromatic hydrocarbons were obtained. Biological response was measured by acute toxicity of several aquatic trophic levels. The chemicals assayed were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,o‐xylene,m‐xylene,p‐xylene, isopropylbenzene,n‐propylbenzene, and butylbenzene.
Walter, Di Marzio, Maria Elena, Saenz
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1985
Although there has been considerable research on animals in Lake Mendota over the past 90 years, there has been little attempt at a quantitative assessment of standing crop, except for the work on Zooplankton already discussed in Chapter 6. The present chapter is intended to present a brief overview of previous work on higher trophic levels.
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Although there has been considerable research on animals in Lake Mendota over the past 90 years, there has been little attempt at a quantitative assessment of standing crop, except for the work on Zooplankton already discussed in Chapter 6. The present chapter is intended to present a brief overview of previous work on higher trophic levels.
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Sequential Sympatric Speciation Across Trophic Levels
Science, 2009A major cause for biodiversity may be biodiversity itself. As new species form, they may create new niches for others to exploit, potentially catalyzing a chain reaction of speciation events across trophic levels. We tested for such sequential radiation in the Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera ...
Andrew A, Forbes +4 more
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Shift in Trophic Level of Mediterranean Mariculture Species
Conservation Biology, 2014Abstract The mean trophic level of the farmed fish species in the Mediterranean has been increasing. We examined the farming‐up hypothesis (i.e., the increase in the production of high‐trophic‐level species) in the Mediterranean by determining the trophic level of the aquafeeds (i.e., what the fish are fed) of 5 ...
Athanassios C, Tsikliras +4 more
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The effects of the trophic level on the stability of food webs
Artificial Life and Robotics, 2009The study of food webs has long been a central topic of ecological research, but the structural effects of trophic level on their stability are still not clear. The work described here addresses the influence of a restriction arising from the trophic level on the network topology of food webs which affects their global behavior.
Hirofumi Ochiai +2 more
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Exploitation in Three Trophic Levels
The American Naturalist, 1973The population dynamics of a general three-species, three-trophic-level exploitational system are explored. The conclusions pertaining to three levels are much the same as those for two. Exploitation is defined as one species using another to satisfy its reproductive requirements while the other suffers reproductive depression because of the ...
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