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Distribution and Vertical Control
2014Modern distribution systems in American business developed in the first half of the twentieth century, largely in spite of rather than because of the legal regime. No broad consensus about the economic effects of vertical integration had been developed, and economic opinion varied widely, from harmful and monopolistic to harmless and efficient.
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Controlling anomalies of vertical dimension and speech
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 1976In this article, definite ways and means have been discussed for controlling the the verticale dimension of occlusion by using certain tooth-to-tooth and tooth-to-tissue relations that exist in normal speech. The primary emphasis is placed on managing the problems encountered in the most troublesome types of patients--those with Class II occlusions ...
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Vertical Price Controls with Uncertain Demand
The Journal of Law and Economics, 1997A manufacturer distributes output before knowing demand and thus risks making more than its rivalrous independent retailers can sell at the monopoly price. If demand is low, retailers may therefore resell more than the joint profit‐maximizing output.
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Vertical Restraints and Horizontal Control
2006This paper considers vertical restraints in a multi-market retail setting in which each retailer sells the complete line of manufactured goods. Vertical restraints by one manufacturer on the retailers of its product serve as an instrument to exert horizontal control over the retail price of a rival manufactured good.
Hamilton, Stephen F. +3 more
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On vertical control in monopolistic competition
International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1983Abstract This paper demonstrates that vertical restraints are profitably imposed by a manufacturer or wholesaler who has some market power and whose product is sold in a monopolistically competitive downstream market. Simple conditions are developed under which a price floor (resale price maintenance) or a price ceiling is profitable, and under which
Nancy T. Gallini, Ralph A. Winter
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Vertical Control with Bilateral Contracts
The RAND Journal of Economics, 1992It is widely believed that a supplier who distributes her product through retailers can achieve the vertically integrated outcome with nonlinear contracts, provided the retail price is the only target of control and there is no uncertainty. We show that this result fails when retailers cannot observe their rivals' contracts, as incentives to choose ...
Shaffer, Greg, O'Brien, Daniel P.
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Vertical Ownership Without Control
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2001When a monopolist sells an input to an oligopoly, consumer and total surplus frequently are invariant to changes in passive ownership of the monopolist by downstream firms. Within broad classes of ownership profiles, strong invariance holds: the input and output choices of downstream firms are invariant to a change within the class.
Patrick Greenlee, Alexander Raskovich
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Contracting and Vertical Control by a Dominant Platform
Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation, 2022Zi Yang Kang, Ellen V. Muir
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[Vertical control and orthopedic therapy].
L' Orthodontie francaise, 2004Control of the vertical development of the face is a key element in assuring the success of orthopedic treatment, as much for its effects on anterior vertical dimension as for its influence on correction of the sagittal discrepancy between the jaws.
E, Bardinet +11 more
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CONTROL SURVEYS AND THE DEVIATION OF THE VERTICAL
The Canadian Surveyor, 1964Using observed data and examples, this paper indicates how the deviation of the vertical can affect control surveys that are carried out over extended areas. It is concluded that astronomical observations are necessary to control the orientation of such survey projects.
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