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We present several attacks on the block cipher C2, which is used for encrypting DVD Audio discs and Secure Digital cards. C2 has a 56 bit key and a secret 8 to 8 bit S-box. We show that if the attacker is allowed to choose the key, the S-box can be recovered in 224 C2 encryptions. Attacking the 56 bit key for a known S-box can be done in complexity 248.
Julia Borghoff +3 more
openaire +2 more sources
C2: An Asymmetric Specie ? [PDF]
Abstract The present work is another contribution to a better understanding of the chemical bond in C2. Several density functional approach/basis set provided calculated IR and Raman spectra with simultaneous active bands. Hence, the hypothesis of electronic asymmetry in C2 [1] was reinforced.
Robson, de Farias +1 more
openaire +3 more sources
Double Dome Laminoplasty: A Novel Technique for C2 Decompression [PDF]
Objective To introduce a new surgical technique - double dome laminoplasty for decompression of the entire C2 lamina and preservation of an extensor muscle insertion.
Dong-Ho Lee +6 more
doaj +1 more source
The Feasibility of Multiple Fixation Points in C2 [PDF]
Study Design This was an analysis using three-dimensional simulation software for spinal screw placement and computed tomographic scan images. Purpose To assess the feasibility of achieving multiple (three or four) screw fixation points in C2 vertebra by
Quyen Nguyen Ngoc +8 more
doaj +1 more source
The Russian Northern Fleet and the (Re)militarisation of the Arctic
Over the last decade, Russia has considerably ramped up its military presence in the Arctic. This is something that attracted much attention from Western countries, especially against the backdrop of deteriorated relations and general mistrust following ...
Jonas Kjellén
doaj +1 more source
Electroreduction of CO2 to valuable multicarbon (C2+) products is a highly attractive way to utilize and divert emitted CO2. However, a major fraction of C2+ selectivity is confined to less than 90% by the difficulty of coupling C-C bonds efficiently ...
Xin Yu Zhang +12 more
semanticscholar +1 more source
A well-known macroeconomic relationship is called the OKUN Law, which states that the negative correlation between unemployment rates and raw domestic output can be determined.
Louail Bilal, Ben Haj Hamida Hayet
doaj +1 more source
Background: Patients with simultaneous fractures of the atlas and dens have traditionally been managed according to the dens fracture's morphology, but data supporting this practice are limited.
Michael Brendan Cloney +4 more
doaj +1 more source
Introduction: C2 fractures are one of the most common traumatic injuries of the cervical spine, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Current literature on the incidence of C2 fractures is limited to populations outside of the United States (US ...
Fehmi Berkay +4 more
doaj +1 more source
Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to C2+ Alcohols at Defect-Site-Rich Cu Surface
Summary Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising approach for upgrading excessive CO2 into value-added chemicals, while the exquisite control of the catalyst atomic structures to obtain high C2+ alcohol selectivity has remained challenging due to the
Zhengxiang Gu +12 more
semanticscholar +1 more source

