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Causal Associations between Temporal Events
2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData), 2023Causal inference from observational data has been widely studied to infer causal relations between causes and effects. Due to the popularity of event-based data, causal inference from event datasets has attracted increasing interest. However, inferring causalities from observational event sequences is challenging because of the heterogeneous and ...
Nguyen Ho +4 more
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Mining Causal Association Rules
2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, 2013Discovering causal relationships is the ultimate goal of many scientific explorations. Causal relationships can be identified with controlled experiments, but such experiments are often very expensive and sometimes impossible to conduct. On the other hand, the collection of observational data has increased dramatically in recent decades.
Jiuyong Li +5 more
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Viruses and cancer causal associations
Annals of Epidemiology, 1990This review first considered some general problems in establishing causal links between a virus and a human cancer and offered some guidelines in the pursuit of this objective. Second, it reviewed the current causal associations for several candidate oncogenic viruses in relation to the tumors with which they are associated.
A S, Evans, N E, Mueller
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Bias and causal associations in observational research
The Lancet, 2002Readers of medical literature need to consider two types of validity, internal and external. Internal validity means that the study measured what it set out to; external validity is the ability to generalise from the study to the reader's patients. With respect to internal validity, selection bias, information bias, and confounding are present to some ...
David A, Grimes, Kenneth F, Schulz
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Smoking and cataract: Review of causal association
Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, 2005Several risk factors for the development of cataract have been identified. This review evaluates epidemiologic literature that has examined tobacco smoking as a risk factor for cataract formation using established causality criteria. Twenty-seven studies were included in this review.
Simon P, Kelly +4 more
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Learned Associability and Associative Change in Human Causal Learning
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B, 2003The Mackintosh (1975) model of associative learning specifies that processing of both the cues presented on a trial and the outcome of that trial will interact to determine the amount of associative change undergone by a given cue. Experiments looking at the distribution of associative change among the elements of a reinforced compound in animal ...
M E, Le Pelley, I P L, McLaren
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Craniosynostosis Associated with Neural Tube Defects: Is There a Causal Association?
Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2011The majority of primary craniosynostosis cases are sporadic. Very few articles in the literature have described cases of primary craniosynostosis associated with neural tube defects (NTDs). This co-occurrence has been seen by most authors as just a coincidence.
Sachin A, Borkar +2 more
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From Association Analysis to Causal Discovery
Proceedings of Workshop on Machine Learning for Sensory Data Analysis, 2013Association analysis is an important technique in data mining, and it has been widely used in many application areas [6]. However, associations found in data can be spurious and do not reflect the ‘true’ relationships between the variables under consideration. For example, it is easily for hundreds or thousands of association rules to be generated even
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Religion and health: Is there an association, is it valid, and is it causal?
Social Science & Medicine, 1994This paper reviews evidence for a relationship between religion and health. Hundreds of epidemiologic studies have reported statistically significant, salutary effects of religious indicators on morbidity and mortality. However, this does not necessarily imply that religion influences health; three questions must first be answered: "Is there an ...
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Causal Laws and Laws of Association
Noûs, 1985In her paper entitled "Causal Laws and Effective Strategies" (1979), Cartwright sets out to establish the connection between laws of association and causal laws. In part Cartwright is trying to show the sense in which a cause increases the probability of its effect, and to explain what causal laws assert by giving an account of how causal laws are ...
Frederick S. Ellett, David P. Ericson
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