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Counterfactual computation [PDF]
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2001 Suppose that we are given a quantum computer programmed ready to perform a computation if it is switched on. Counterfactual computation is a process by which the result of the computation may be learnt without actually running the computer. Such processes are possible within quantum physics and to achieve this effect, a computer embodying the ...
Mitchison, Graeme, Jozsa, Richard
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Frontiers in Psychology, 2018 A growing body of research suggests that counterfactual thinking after traumatic events is associated with post-traumatic stress reactions. In this study we explored frequency of upward and downward counterfactuals in trauma-exposed individuals, and how ...
Ines Blix +4 more
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Philosophies, 2023 In this paper, I argue that David Lewis’s possible world semantics for counterfactual discourse and for fictional discourse are apparently inconsistent and in need of revision.
Andrew D. Bassford
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Frontiers in Earth Science, 2022 How to recognise potential disasters is a question at the centre of risk analysis. Over-reliance on an incomplete, often epistemologically-biased, historical record, and a focus on quantified and quantifiable risks, have contributed to unanticipated ...
Camilla Penney +5 more
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Back to the Present: How Not to Use Counterfactuals to Explain Causal Asymmetry
Philosophies, 2022 A plausible thought is that we should evaluate counterfactuals in the actual world by holding the present ‘fixed’; the state of the counterfactual world at the time of the antecedent, outside the area of the antecedent, is required to match that of the ...
Alison Fernandes
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Qualifying counterfactuals: Students' use of counterfactuals for evaluating historical explanations
History Education Research Journal, 2020 The study investigates upper secondary school students' use of counterfactual reasoning when engaging in a task concerning historical explanation.
Joakim Wendell
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CoRR, 2017 Machine learning can impact people with legal or ethical consequences when it is used to automate decisions in areas such as insurance, lending, hiring, and predictive policing. In many of these scenarios, previous decisions have been made that are unfairly biased against certain subpopulations, for example those of a particular race, gender, or sexual
Kusner, M +3 more
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Does Lewis’ Theory of Causation Permit Time Travel?
Philosophies, 2021 David Lewis aimed to give an account of causation, and in particular, a semantics for the counterfactuals to which his account appeals, that is compatible with backwards causation and time travel. I will argue that he failed, but not for the reasons that
Phil Dowe
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Back to the Future: Counterfactuals and Scenarios in Defense Research and Planning
Vojenské rozhledy, 2015 Defense planning and research has to engage with questions about future developments quite often. Solutions to these questions tend to be hazy due to (I) the missing data, or due to (II) the necessity to build long-term prognoses, which are – by their ...
Jan Kofroň
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A Formal Framework for Knowledge Acquisition: Going beyond Machine Learning
Entropy, 2022 Philosophers frequently define knowledge as justified, true belief. We built a mathematical framework that makes it possible to define learning (increasing number of true beliefs) and knowledge of an agent in precise ways, by phrasing belief in terms of ...
Ola Hössjer +2 more
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