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Qualifying counterfactuals: Students' use of counterfactuals for evaluating historical explanations
History Education Research Journal, 2020 The study investigates upper secondary school students' use of counterfactual reasoning when engaging in a task concerning historical explanation.
Joakim Wendell
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CoRR, 2017 Machine learning can impact people with legal or ethical consequences when it is used to automate decisions in areas such as insurance, lending, hiring, and predictive policing. In many of these scenarios, previous decisions have been made that are unfairly biased against certain subpopulations, for example those of a particular race, gender, or sexual
Kusner, MJ +3 more
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Does Lewis’ Theory of Causation Permit Time Travel?
Philosophies, 2021 David Lewis aimed to give an account of causation, and in particular, a semantics for the counterfactuals to which his account appeals, that is compatible with backwards causation and time travel. I will argue that he failed, but not for the reasons that
Phil Dowe
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Explaining Machine Learning Classifiers through Diverse Counterfactual Explanations
, 2019 Post-hoc explanations of machine learning models are crucial for people to understand and act on algorithmic predictions. An intriguing class of explanations is through counterfactuals, hypothetical examples that show people how to obtain a different ...
Dai Wuyang +4 more
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Back to the Future: Counterfactuals and Scenarios in Defense Research and Planning
Vojenské rozhledy, 2015 Defense planning and research has to engage with questions about future developments quite often. Solutions to these questions tend to be hazy due to (I) the missing data, or due to (II) the necessity to build long-term prognoses, which are – by their ...
Jan Kofroň
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, 2015 We study a generalization of the treatment effect model in which an observed discrete classifier indicates in which one of a set of counterfactual processes a decision maker is observed. The other observed outcomes are delivered by the particular counterfactual process in which the decision maker is found.
Andrew Chesher, Adam Rosen
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A Formal Framework for Knowledge Acquisition: Going beyond Machine Learning
Entropy, 2022 Philosophers frequently define knowledge as justified, true belief. We built a mathematical framework that makes it possible to define learning (increasing number of true beliefs) and knowledge of an agent in precise ways, by phrasing belief in terms of ...
Ola Hössjer +2 more
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, 2018 A counteridentical is a counterfactual with an identity statement in the antecedent. While counteridenticals generally seem non-trivial, most semantic theories for counterfactuals, when combined with the necessity of identity and distinctness, attribute ...
Alexander W. Kocurek +73 more
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Journal of Artificial Intelligence ResearchCounterfactual inference considers a hypothetical intervention in a parallel world that shares some evidence with the factual world. If the evidence specifies a conditional distribution on a manifold, counterfactuals may be analytically intractable. We present an algorithm for simulating values from a counterfactual distribution where conditions can be
Karvanen Juha +2 more
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Counterfactuals: The Epistemic Analysis
Philosophia Scientiæ, 2005 Ordinarily counterfactuals are seen as making statements about states of affairs, albeit ones that hold in merely possible or alternative worlds. Thus analyzed, nearly all counterfactuals turn out to be incoherent.
John-Michael Kuczynski
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