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Fixed Effects and Random Effects

2008
One of the major benefits from using panel data as compared to cross-section data on individuals is that it enables us to control for individual heterogeneity. Not controlling for these unobserved individual specific effects leads to bias in the resulting estimates.
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On the Baldwin Effect

Artificial Life, 1999
In this article the effects of altering the rate and amount of learning on the Baldwin effect are examined. Using a version of the abstract tunable NK model, it is shown that the adaptation process is sensitive to the rate of learning, particularly as the correlation of the underlying fitness landscape varies.
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The observer effect

Communications of the ACM, 2017
Finding the balance between zero and maximum.
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TACROLIMUS: EFFECTS AND SIDE EFFECTS

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1999
M D, Green, M G, Michaels
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Effects and Effect Sizes in Educational Effectiveness Research

2015
In this chapter, various methods to express effects and effect sizes in educational effectiveness research are discussed. A distinction is made between “unit effects” in the sense of the difference it makes to be taught by one teacher or the next, to go to one school or another etc.
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