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The Hamburg rules and the carriage of goods by sea : a dissertation

2022
The finalization of a United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea at a diplomatic conference at Hamburg in March, 1978 marks the completion of several years work in the agencies of the United Nations to introduce a regime whereby there was an equitable distribution of the risks of sea carriage between carrier and shipper.
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Hamburg rules V Hague Visby rules an English perspective [PDF]

open access: possibleConstanta Maritime University Annals, Vol. 13, 2010, 2010
It has often been argued for the effect of defences provided to carriers under Art IV (2) of Hague Visby Rules to almost nullify the protection guaranteed to shippers in other provisions of this convention. Therefore an all embracing universal shipper friendly convention, merely the Hamburg Rules, need be incorporated in all countries in order to ...
Tozaj Dorian, Xhelilaj Ermal
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Introduction: Origins of the 1978 Hamburg Rules

The American Journal of Comparative Law, 1979
A most contentious issue in the law of ocean carriage of cargo has been the validity of clauses in bills of lading that seek to reduce the responsibility early maritime law placed on the carrier. By the end of the nineteenth century, the case-law of countries concerned with ocean carriage had become sharply divided; British courts gave wide effect to ...
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A current assessment of the Hamburg rules

2021
Trade has been booming. The WTO ( World Trade Organisation) estimated that world trade in goods grew 8 % in volume terms last year, this being four times the growth of world GDP (Gross Domestic Products). During the 1990s international trade has grown far faster than world output, showing that national economies are becoming more closely linked ...
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