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ATLA Alternatives To Laboratory Animals, 2006 Currently, two reconstructed human skin models, EpiDerm and EPISKIN are being evaluated in an ECVAM skin irritation validation study. A common skin irritation protocol has been developed, differing only in minor technical details for the two models.
Helena Kandarova, Horst Spielmann
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A Strategy for Skin Irritation Testing
American Journal of Contact Dermatitis, 2002Skin irritation safety testing and risk assessment for new products, and the ingredients they contain, is a critical requirement before market introduction. In the past, much of this skin testing required the use of experimental animals. However, new current best approaches for skin corrosion and skin irritation testing and risk assessment are being ...
Michael K, Robinson, Mary A, Perkins
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Tendency to irritation: Sensitive skin
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1989The plausibility of the concept of "sensitive skin" evokes discussion and often amusement, because of the variance of the number of opinions compared with the amount of data, at least until recently. This report presents recent biologically oriented data that suggest that sensitive skin is a reality and is assessable with the use of contemporary ...
H I, Maibach +3 more
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Interspecies comparisons of skin irritancy
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1975Abstract In a series of patch testing experiments, 24 familiar household materials or industrial chemicals were applied to intact and abraded skin of rabbits, guinea pigs, and humans for four hours. Skin responses were graded 4, 24, and 48 hr after application of the patches.
G A, Nixon, C A, Tyson, W C, Wertz
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Skin reactions to primary irritants*
Contact Dermatitis, 1981250 patients with dermatitis, and two groups of 70 and 30 healthy subjects were tested for their reactions to irritants following the procedures of Bjornberg. The same group of irritants was used. Although the test subjects were working in different conditions and the methods for evaluating the results were slightly different.
I, Czerwinska-Dihm, E, Rudzki
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Skin organ culture for the study of skin irritancy
Toxicology in Vitro, 1990Skin explants maintained in culture may represent a reliable model for in vitro tests of the irritancy of chemicals. During the process of skin irritation intracellular enzymes migrate into the culture medium. The amount of released enzyme activity corresponds to the degree of skin damage.
F G, Bartnik +4 more
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QSAR and Combinatorial Science, 2004 This paper describes previously-developed (quantitative) structure-activity relationships [(Q)SARs]for predicting skin irritation and corrosion, proposes mechanisms of skin irritation and corrosion, and discusses the transparency and applicability of ...
Schlegel, K. +3 more
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Primary Irritation of the Skin
A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology, 1959The importance of primary irritation of the skin in producing an eczematous dermatitis by itself, as well as influencing the engendering of an allergic eczematous contact dermatitis is well documented. The recent literature is replete with articles adding to the fund of observations on mechanisms of pathogenesis of the eczematous sensitization and ...
J B, HAEBERLIN, J M, FOX
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Measurement of sensory irritation of the skin
American Journal of Contact Dermatitis, 2000The sensory reaction to contact with chemical irritants has not been extensively studied. This neglect has been caused partly by a lack of understanding of the physiological basis of subjective irritation, and partly by inadequate methods of perceptual measurement.
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Ethnic variation in the skin irritation response
Contact Dermatitis, 2001There is a widespread, but largely unsubstantiated, view that certain skin types may be more susceptible to the effect of skin irritants than others. One expression of this would be that certain ethnic groups may also be more likely to experience skin irritation. As a consequence, when evaluating the skin compatibility of substances/preparations, these
V, Foy +3 more
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