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[Clostridium botulinum and botulinum neurotoxin].
Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo, 2011Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive anaerobic rod that forms endospores. This bacterium produces large molecular toxin complexes, namely botulinum toxin complexes (progenitor toxins). It (L toxin complex) is composed of a single neurotoxin molecule (BoNT with a molecular weight of 150 kDa), a single nontoxic nonhemagglutinin molecule (NTNHA), and ...
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Innovation in Botulinum Toxins
Dermatologic ClinicsThis study aims to analyze and discuss recent trials of high-dose and liquid toxins for treating moderate to severe glabellar lines. A comprehensive review of clinical studies and patient outcomes data was conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety profiles of high-dose and liquid toxins.
Reema, Rashied, Michael H, Gold
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American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2004
In the United States, the popularity of botulinum toxins as agents to treat muscle hypertonia has grown significantly over the last decade, despite lack of approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the indication of spasticity. Botox (botulinum toxin type A) and Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) are Food and Drug Administration-approved for ...
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In the United States, the popularity of botulinum toxins as agents to treat muscle hypertonia has grown significantly over the last decade, despite lack of approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the indication of spasticity. Botox (botulinum toxin type A) and Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) are Food and Drug Administration-approved for ...
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2020
This chapter is focused on analgesic mechanism of action of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) including the action beyond peripheral nerve endings. With the exception of the meninges and possibly urinary bladder, the presence of BoNT-A activity in the periphery, cleaving SNAP25 as a target molecule, up to now was not convincingly shown.
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This chapter is focused on analgesic mechanism of action of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) including the action beyond peripheral nerve endings. With the exception of the meninges and possibly urinary bladder, the presence of BoNT-A activity in the periphery, cleaving SNAP25 as a target molecule, up to now was not convincingly shown.
openaire +2 more sources