Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, Volume 13, Issue 4, Page 985-995, April 2026.Abstract Background Axial postural abnormalities (APAs) are common, disabling complications of Parkinson's disease (PD) with unclear pathophysiology. The presence of hyperactivity in multiple trunk muscles supports the use of botulinum toxin (BTA). However, its application is complex, due to the lack of standardized clinical and electrophysiological ...
Giacomo Argenziano +7 more
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The Relationship Between the Gross Motor Function Classification System, Functional Mobility Scale, Observational Gait Scale, and the Amsterdam Gait Classification in Children with Cerebral Palsy During Long-Term Treatment with Botulinum Toxin Injections and Combined Integrated, Intensive Rehabilitation. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel)Pyrzanowska W +3 more
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Impact of Early Versus Late Treatment with Botulinum Toxin A on Goal Attainment in Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Retrospective Cohort Study. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel)Patel A +6 more
europepmc +1 more source
Comparative Analytics and Pharmacodynamics of the Complex Protein-Free Botulinum Toxin Type A Formulations DaxibotulinumtoxinA, IncobotulinumtoxinA and RelabotulinumtoxinA. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel)Honndorf S +7 more
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From Muscular Hypertonus to Equilibrium: A Conceptual Framework for Aesthetic Neuromodulation Based on the Index of Muscular Equilibrium (IME). [PDF]
Toxins (Basel)Armenti AF.
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Evaluation of a Cell-Based Potency Assay for Detection of the Potency of TrenibotulinumtoxinE® (TrenibotE). [PDF]
Toxins (Basel)Yang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Xue Y, Yuan L.
europepmc +1 more source
Toxin-Host Interaction of <i>Clostridium</i> Toxins. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel)Dorca-Arévalo J.
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Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that secretes an extremely large neurotoxic molecule (900 kDa), which produces food poisoning or botulism. It is now also used in medicine to treat diseases according to Paracelsus's paradigm that the difference between a poison and a drug lies in the dose.
Signorini, Massimo +5 more
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Botulinum toxin therapy has emerged as a treatment modality for a variety of spastic- or contracture-related muscle diseases. Its safety has been proven for long-term use in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and certain types of strabismus. Recent approval from the Federal Drug Administration should make botulinum toxin
P J, Savino, M, Maus
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