Codon usage - Open Access .click

2017
One amino acid is added to a growing peptide by a ribosome through reading triple nucleotides, i.e., a codon, each time. Twenty species of amino acids are often coded by 61 codons, so one amino acid can be coded by more than one codon and the codons coding the same amino acid are called synonymous. Intriguingly, synonymous codons' usage is often uneven:
Zhenguo, Zhang, Gaurav, Sablok
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Codon usage divergence of homologous vertebrate genes and codon usage clock

Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1991
This paper is concerned with the divergence of synonymous codon usage and its bias in three homologous genes within vertebrate species. Genetic distances among species are described in terms of synonymous codon usage divergence and the correlation is found between the genetic distances and taxonomic distances among species under study.
M, Long, J H, Gillespie
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Codon usage in Aspergillus nidulans

Molecular and General Genetics MGG, 1991
Synonymous codon usage in genes from the ascomycete (filamentous) fungus Aspergillus nidulans has been investigated. A total of 45 gene sequences has been analysed. Multivariate statistical analysis has been used to identify a single major trend among genes.
A T, Lloyd, P M, Sharp
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CHARMING : Harmonizing synonymous codon usage to replicate a desired codon usage pattern

Protein Science, 2021
Abstract There is a growing appreciation that synonymous codon usage, although historically regarded as phenotypically silent, can instead alter a wide range of mechanisms related to functional protein production, a term we use here to describe the net effect of transcription (mRNA synthesis), mRNA half‐life ...
Gabriel Wright +5 more
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codon
animals
codon usage bias

medicine
base composition
base sequence

rna, messenger
species specificity
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