Results 31 to 40 of about 42,259 (164)
Qualifying counterfactuals: Students' use of counterfactuals for evaluating historical explanations
History Education Research Journal, 2020 The study investigates upper secondary school students' use of counterfactual reasoning when engaging in a task concerning historical explanation.
Joakim Wendell
doaj +1 more source
Mind, 2019 Abstract Mathematics appears to play a genuine explanatory role in science. But how do mathematical explanations work? Recently, a counterfactual approach to mathematical explanation has been suggested. I argue that such a view fails to differentiate the explanatory uses of mathematics within science from the non-explanatory uses.
openaire +3 more sources
Does Lewis’ Theory of Causation Permit Time Travel?
Philosophies, 2021 David Lewis aimed to give an account of causation, and in particular, a semantics for the counterfactuals to which his account appeals, that is compatible with backwards causation and time travel. I will argue that he failed, but not for the reasons that
Phil Dowe
doaj +1 more source
Back to the Future: Counterfactuals and Scenarios in Defense Research and Planning
Vojenské rozhledy, 2015 Defense planning and research has to engage with questions about future developments quite often. Solutions to these questions tend to be hazy due to (I) the missing data, or due to (II) the necessity to build long-term prognoses, which are – by their ...
Jan Kofroň
doaj +1 more source
A Formal Framework for Knowledge Acquisition: Going beyond Machine Learning
Entropy, 2022 Philosophers frequently define knowledge as justified, true belief. We built a mathematical framework that makes it possible to define learning (increasing number of true beliefs) and knowledge of an agent in precise ways, by phrasing belief in terms of ...
Ola Hössjer +2 more
doaj +1 more source
Narrative Quantum Cosmology in Michael Frayn’s Copenhagen
American, British and Canadian Studies Journal, 2021 Twentieth-century drama has made the stage a site for reflecting on science. Michael Frayn’s Copenhagen, considered by many as one of the most striking contributions to “science plays,” portrays the elusive yet crucial short meeting of the two pillars of
Amani Omid, Pirnajmuddin Hossein
doaj +1 more source
Discussion: Time-Symmetric Quantum Counterfactuals [PDF]
, 2003 There is a trend to consider counterfactuals as invariably time-asymmetric. Recently, this trend manifested itself in the controversy about validity of counterfactual application of a time-symmetric quantum probability rule.
Vaidman, Lev
core +1 more source
Counterfactuals: The Epistemic Analysis
Philosophia Scientiæ, 2005 Ordinarily counterfactuals are seen as making statements about states of affairs, albeit ones that hold in merely possible or alternative worlds. Thus analyzed, nearly all counterfactuals turn out to be incoherent.
John-Michael Kuczynski
doaj +1 more source
Explaining Machine Learning Classifiers through Diverse Counterfactual Explanations
, 2019 Post-hoc explanations of machine learning models are crucial for people to understand and act on algorithmic predictions. An intriguing class of explanations is through counterfactuals, hypothetical examples that show people how to obtain a different ...
Dai Wuyang +4 more
core +1 more source
Time, Truth, Actuality, and Causation: On the Impossibility of Divine Foreknowledge [PDF]
, 2010 In this essay, my goal is, first, to describe the most important contemporary philosophical approaches to the nature of time, and then, secondly, to discuss the ways in which those different accounts bear upon the question of the possibility of divine ...
Tooley, Michael
core +2 more sources