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Journal of Automated Reasoning, 1989
Let T denote closure of the set of formulas of the form P \((term_ 1,...,term_ n)\) under operation of conjunction and temporal operators of some kind (f. E. operators ``always'', ``until'' and so on), and TR be the set of formulas (rules) of the form \(f_ 1 \&...\& f_ m\to f_{m+1}\), where \(f_ i\) belongs to T.
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Let T denote closure of the set of formulas of the form P \((term_ 1,...,term_ n)\) under operation of conjunction and temporal operators of some kind (f. E. operators ``always'', ``until'' and so on), and TR be the set of formulas (rules) of the form \(f_ 1 \&...\& f_ m\to f_{m+1}\), where \(f_ i\) belongs to T.
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CTL+ Is Exponentially More Succinct than CTL
1999It is proved that CTL+ is exponentially more succinct than CTL. More precisely, it is shown that every CTL formula (and every modal µ-calculus formula) equivalent to the CTL+ formula E(Fp0 Λ... Λ Fpn-1) is of length at least (n/⌊n/2⌋), which is Ω(2n/√n). This matches almost the upper bound provided by Emerson and Halpern, which says that for every CTL+
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Reducing Model Checking from Multi-valued CTL* to CTL*
2002A multi-valued version of CTL* (mv-CTL*), where both the propositions and the accessibility relation are multi-valued taking values in a finite quasi-boolean algebra, is considered. A general translation from mv-CTL* to CTL* model checking is defined. An application of the translation is shown for the most commonly used quasi-boolean algebras.
Beata Konikowska, Wojciech Penczek
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Intracellular Signaling of CTLs
2014Extracellular signals are transmitted to intracellular targets thanks to a complex network of interacting proteins that regulate a large number of cellular processes. The signaling mechanisms that occur in CTLs are initiated by T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize antigens presented in the groove of class I histocompatibility (MHC) molecules of ...
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2013
T-cells are created continuously in bone marrow and “educated” (selected against recognizing self-antigens) in the thymus. Afterwards, they migrate to lymph nodes and other tissues, where they patrol for cells infected by pathogens. Each T-cell recognizes a specific antigen, which in our context is an “epitope”, a short segment of an HIV protein in a ...
W. David Wick, Otto O. Yang
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T-cells are created continuously in bone marrow and “educated” (selected against recognizing self-antigens) in the thymus. Afterwards, they migrate to lymph nodes and other tissues, where they patrol for cells infected by pathogens. Each T-cell recognizes a specific antigen, which in our context is an “epitope”, a short segment of an HIV protein in a ...
W. David Wick, Otto O. Yang
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How HIV Evades CTL Recognition
Current HIV Research, 2003The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unique in its capacity to produce chronic disease in almost all infected hosts. To accomplish this, it has evolved multiple mechanisms to effectively evade the immune response. HIV encodes at least one protein that makes infected cells resistant to CTL killing by downmodulating epitope (peptide plus MHC-I ...
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Characterization of CTL by Microscopy
2014Conventional microscopic techniques may be easily employed to detect and characterize cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) may be effectively performed in CTL characterization to identify the location and distribution of target antigens in suspension cells or in tissues by staining with a specific antibody.
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