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Backward Darts and the Subsequent Scattered Discharges Occurring Along Lightning Positive Leader Branches

open access: yesJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 131, Issue 10, 28 May 2026.
Abstract We used the LOw‐Frequency ARray (LOFAR) to identify two new types of lightning discharges occurring along the tracks of earlier positive leaders. The first is a kind of intracloud dart leader that we call a “backward dart” whose behavior appears counterintuitive given the positive polarity of the channel, as they are negative dart leaders that
Bin Wu   +8 more
wiley   +1 more source

Robust extended Kalman filtering

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 1999
Summary: Linearization errors inherent in the specification of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) can severely degrade its performance. This correspondence presents a new approach to the robust design of a discrete-time EKF by application of the robust linear design methods based on the \(H_\infty\) norm minimization criterion.
Garry A Einicke, L B White
exaly   +3 more sources

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