Results 211 to 220 of about 312,942 (297)

A defensive symbiont and a plant virus confer direct and discrete phenotypes to a cereal aphid in a context‐dependent manner

open access: yesEcological Entomology, EarlyView.
Different BYDV‐PAV isolates exert contrasting effects on aphid fitness, including reproduction and winged production. Different BYDV‐PAV isolates have contrasting effects on aphid dispersal patterns. Aphid feeding behaviour is modulated by the presence of endosymbionts and plant viruses.
Daniel J. Leybourne   +2 more
wiley   +1 more source

Felons’ chattels and English living standards in the later fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

open access: yesThe Economic History Review, EarlyView.
Abstract The later fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have long occupied an intriguing and contested place in discussions of England's long‐run economic development. One key issue around which debate has coalesced is the living standards of the population as a whole and of different groups within it. We contribute to this debate by bringing forward new
Chris Briggs   +4 more
wiley   +1 more source

The slow emergence of the rational investor: Grain markets and grain storage of rural estates in western Germany, eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

open access: yesThe Economic History Review, EarlyView.
Abstract We develop new datasets of monthly grain prices in 14 urban markets and of the storage and marketing of grain by 5 rural estates located in western Germany between the late seventeenth century and c. 1860. We explore whether observed patterns of monthly prices, sales, and storage of grain are consistent with the rational competitive storage ...
Matthias Hartermann   +2 more
wiley   +1 more source

The commercialization of labour markets: Evidence from wage inequality in the Middle Ages

open access: yesThe Economic History Review, EarlyView.
Abstract This paper moves beyond the focus on ‘average’ wage trends in pre‐industrial economies by examining the broad diversity of pay rates and forms of remuneration across occupations and regions in medieval England. We find that whilst some workers enjoyed substantial growth in wage rates after the Black Death, there was a large group who ...
Jordan Claridge   +2 more
wiley   +1 more source

Extreme weather and economic crisis in the 1430s in England, and the implications for tenurial change

open access: yesThe Economic History Review, EarlyView.
Abstract The 1430s were characterized by extreme weather conditions, food and fodder shortages, and high mortalities among animals and humans, although the severity of events and their consequences in England have received limited attention. The economic downturn and the depressed customary land market in this decade marked the beginning of the Great ...
Mark Bailey
wiley   +1 more source

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