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Galerkin-finite difference method for fractional parabolic partial differential equations [PDF]

MethodsX
The fractional form of the classical diffusion equation embodies the super-diffusive and sub-diffusive characteristics of any flow, depending on the fractional order. This study aims to approximate the solution of parabolic partial differential equations
Md. Shorif Hossan, Trishna Datta, Md. Shafiqul Islam   +2 more
doaj   +2 more sources

The Role of Index Fund Ownership in the Era of Say‐on‐Pay

Financial Management, Volume 55, Issue 3, Page 485-505, Fall 2026.
ABSTRACT We examine whether and how index funds influence executive compensation in the post‐Say‐on‐Pay era. Using the annual reconstitution of the Russell indexes as a source of exogenous variation in index fund ownership, we document a causal effect of index ownership on CEO pay structure.
Kiseo Chung, Hwanki Brian Kim
wiley   +1 more source

Beta Estimation Under Infrequent Trading: A Machine Learning Approach

International Review of Finance, Volume 26, Issue 3, September 2026.
ABSTRACT When shares are traded infrequently, beta estimates are often severely biased. We find that machine learning methods significantly improve forecasts of the conventional beta proxy in this infrequently traded market. They generate superior beta forecasts, statistically and economically outperforming the traditional model used by practitioners ...
Alejandro Maldonado Mendoza, Olena Onishchenko   +1 more
wiley   +1 more source

Unpacking the Local Pay Gap: New Insights Into CSR and Employee Relations

International Review of Finance, Volume 26, Issue 3, September 2026.
ABSTRACT We examine the relationship between CEO local tournament incentives and corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Larger local pay gaps are linked to lower CSR engagement, driven exclusively by weaker performance in the employee relations dimension, characterized by fewer strengths and more concerns.
Hsin‐I Chou, Tu Nguyen, Jing Zhao
wiley   +1 more source

A Novel Fourth-Order Finite Difference Scheme for European Option Pricing in the Time-Fractional Black–Scholes Model

Mathematics
This paper addresses the valuation of European options, which involves the complex and unpredictable dynamics of fractal market fluctuations. These are modeled using the α-order time-fractional Black–Scholes equation, where the Caputo fractional ...
Xin Cai, Yihong Wang
doaj   +1 more source

Implicit cubic B-spline scheme for the fractional Black-Scholes model with Caputo-Hadamard derivative [PDF]

Journal of Mahani Mathematical Research
In this study, we introduce a novel numerical scheme for solving the Black–Scholes equation endowed with a Caputo-Hadamard fractional time derivative. The temporal derivative is discretized via a finite-difference approach, ensuring both stability and ...
Roya Montazeri
doaj   +1 more source

How much is too much? Simulated population responses of a South African dwarf succulent to wild harvesting under climate change

Journal of Applied Ecology, Volume 63, Issue 8, August 2026.
Wild harvesting poses an important threat to the persistence of South African dwarf succulent populations. Here, we identify sustainable harvesting thresholds for dwarf succulents and suggest that plant harvesting may be unsustainable under moderate to severe harvesting pressure, particularly with projected climatic pressures.
Arjan Engelen, Katrina J. Davis, Allan G. Ellis, Roberto Salguero‐Gómez   +3 more
wiley   +1 more source

Numerical Valuation of Time Fractional Black–Scholes Equation in Financial Markets

Mathematics
The time-fractional Black–Scholes model (TFBSM) is used to describe option price dynamics within a fractional diffusion model. It provides a mathematical model for valuing European and American call and put options on non-dividend-paying stocks.
Omid Nikan, Mehdi Alaeiyan, Suhad Yousef
doaj   +1 more source

Why Have CEO Pay Levels Become Less Diverse?

The Journal of Finance, Volume 81, Issue 4, Page 1893-1950, August 2026.
ABSTRACT This paper documents a new stylized fact: the cross‐sectional variation in CEO pay levels has declined precipitously in recent years. We offer one explanation for this decline, namely, firms are increasingly benchmarking CEO compensation to industry peers closest in size, thereby creating pay clusters.
TORSTEN JOCHEM, GAIZKA ORMAZABAL, ANJANA RAJAMANI   +2 more
wiley   +1 more source

The Debt‐Equity Spread

The Journal of Finance, Volume 81, Issue 4, Page 2005-2062, August 2026.
ABSTRACT We propose a measure of the valuation gap between debt and equity—debt‐equity spread (DES)—based on the difference between actual and equity‐implied credit spreads. DES predicts cross‐sectional stock and bond returns in opposite directions.
HUI CHEN, ZHIYAO CHEN, JUN LI
wiley   +1 more source