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Bacterial Persistence and Toxin-Antitoxin Loci
Annual Review of Microbiology, 2012Bacterial persistence is caused by the presence of rare, slowly growing bacteria among populations of rapidly growing cells. The slowly growing bacteria are tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental insults, whereas their isogenic, rapidly growing siblings are sensitive.
Gerdes K, Maisonneuve E
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Ribonucleases in bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 2013Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea and play important roles in a diverse range of cellular activities. TA systems have been broadly classified into 5 types and the targets of the toxins are diverse, but the most frequently used cellular target is mRNA.
Cook, Gregory M. +6 more
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Bacteria and Archaea
Annual Review of Genetics, 2011Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher systems. The cellular targets of these toxins are quite diverse and include DNA replication, mRNA stability, protein synthesis, cell-wall biosynthesis, and ATP synthesis.
Yoshihiro, Yamaguchi +2 more
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Prokaryotic toxin–antitoxin stress response loci
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2005Although toxin-antitoxin gene cassettes were first found in plasmids, recent database mining has shown that these loci are abundant in free-living prokaryotes, including many pathogenic bacteria. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has 38 chromosomal toxin-antitoxin loci, including 3 relBE and 9 mazEF loci. RelE and MazF are toxins that cleave mRNA
Gerdes, Kenn +2 more
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A toxin–antitoxin module as a target for antimicrobial development
Plasmid, 2010The emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria that have become resistant to multiple antibiotics through lateral gene transfer have created the need of novel antimicrobials. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, which have been implicated in plasmid maintenance and stress management, are ubiquitous among plasmids from vancomycin or methicillin resistant ...
Lioy, Virginia S. +4 more
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On the Mechanism of Toxin-Antitoxin Reactions
The Journal of Immunology, 1931Abstract As long as the chemical constitution of antibodies is not established and as long as antibodies are not available in pure state it seems desirable to study the action of substances that have a similar effect upon antigens. Probably of all the antigen-antibody reactions agglutination can be most readily studied by immunologic and
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FROZEN TOXIN-ANTITOXIN REACTIONS
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1924To the Editor: —In view of the widespread newspaper publicity that has been given to the reactions following the injection of frozentoxin-antitoxin mixture in this state, it seems desirable at this time to issue a statement giving the main facts at Concord and Bridgewater, Mass.
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Phage Defense Elements
Annual Review of Microbiology, 2022Michael T Laub, Michele Leroux
exaly
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence
Current Research in Microbial Sciences, 2021Mohit Yadav, Jitendra Singh Rathore
exaly