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Botulinum toxin type E: A review
Dermatological Reviews, 2022AbstractBackgroundBotulinum toxin type A (BoNT‐A) and botulinum toxin type B are the only two serotypes of botulinum toxin currently available for therapeutic use. Recently, botulinum toxin type E (BoNT‐E) has been explored for clinical use due to its pharmacological properties.
Emily Lebowitz, Diane Berson
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Studies using Clostridium botulinum toxin—Type A
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1965Abstract Several drugs and ions were given to white mice injected with Clostridium botulinum type A toxin in an attempt to prolong survival time in these mice. Agents used included choline, barbital, chlorpromazine, Thio-TEPA, CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2 . Only choline had a significant effect, and its effect was to shorten survival time.
L G, HART +3 more
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Botulinum toxin type A therapy during pregnancy
Movement Disorders, 2004AbstractInjection with botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is a safe and efficacious treatment for idiopathic cervical dystonia. We present the first case report of clinical Botox treatment during pregnancy. This patient underwent four apparently uncomplicated full‐term pregnancies while receiving regular Botox treatments.
William J, Newman +7 more
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Molecular Weight of Type A Botulinum Toxin
Infection and Immunity, 1970Clostridium botulinum type A does not produce a 12,000 molecular weight toxin. The reported isolation of such a material by Gerwing et al. could not be confirmed.
J N, Knox, W P, Brown, L, Spero
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Purification of Clostridium botulinum type a toxin
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure, 1970Abstract The neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum Type A has been isolated and purified from a liquid culture. The toxin is homogeneuous by anion and cation exchange chromatography, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing and Ouchterlony gel diffusion technique. The specific toxicity of the purified toxin is 10 · 107 minimum lethal doses/1.0 A 278
B R, Dasgupta, L J, Berry, D A, Boroff
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Detoxification of Crystalline Botulinum Type A Toxin
The Journal of Immunology, 1947Summary Botulinum Type A toxoid has been prepared from crystalline toxin by the addition of formaldehyde. The most active preparation consisted of one component electrophoretically, immunized mice in a dose containing 0.01γ of toxoidnitrogen and was 2400 times more active antigenically than crude toxoid on the basis of nitrogen-content.
G A, HOTTLE, A, ABRAMS
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Botulinum Toxin Type A in Dental Medicine
Journal of Dental Research, 2019Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are a product of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. By entering nerve endings, they cleave and inactivate SNARE proteins, which are essential for neurotransmitter release. Prevention of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction causes long-lasting and potentially fatal flaccid paralysis—a major feature of botulism ...
V.R.M. Muñoz Lora +3 more
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Botulinum Toxin Type A for Chronic Migraine
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 2010Chronic migraine (CM) is the leading cause of chronic daily headache, a common and debilitating headache syndrome. The management of CM patients is challenging, with only limited benefit from available oral preventive medications. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used extensively to treat disorders associated with increased muscle tone. More recent
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Botulinum toxin type A in chronic migraine
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2007The use of botulinum toxin type A continues to be investigated by the US FDA for potential use in the treatment of headache. As part of this process there has been extensive research conducted by individual study sites as well as multicenter trials. To date, the majority of the focus has been on migraine headache as well as on tension-type headache ...
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Botulinum toxin type A: Exploring new indications
Drugs of Today, 2010The use of botulinum toxin has expanded in the last five years to include traditional neurological use against dystonia and spasticity, as well as the emerging use for headache, pain, neuropathy, myofascial pain, joint arthritis, otolaryngology, gastroenterology and genitourinary disorders.
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