FDA Approvals and Consensus Guidelines for Botulinum Toxins in the Treatment of Dystonia. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel), 2020 In 2016, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published practice guidelines for botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. This article, focusing on dystonia, provides context for these
Spiegel LL, Ostrem JL, Bledsoe IO.
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Antibodies and Vaccines against Botulinum Toxins: Available Measures and Novel Approaches. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel), 2019 International audienceBotulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced by the anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum. As one of the most poisonous toxins known and a potential bioterrosism agent, BoNT is characterized by a complex mode of action
Rasetti-Escargueil C, Popoff MR.
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Variability of Botulinum Toxins: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel), 2018 Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent known toxins, and are therefore classified as extremely harmful biological weapons. However, BoNTs are therapeutic drugs that are widely used and have an increasing number of applications.
Rasetti-Escargueil C +2 more
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Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on Botulinum Toxins: New Uses in the Treatment of Diseases. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel), 2023 Studies on animals and humans have amply demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in many pathologies [...
Luvisetto S.
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Introduction to <i>Toxins</i> Special Issue on Botulinum Toxins: New Uses in the Treatment of Diseases (2nd Edition). [PDF]
Toxins (Basel)Clostridium botulinum strains produce seven antigenically distinct botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), referred to as serotypes A–G, and a hybrid toxin called F/A [...
Luvisetto S.
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Entering neurons: botulinum toxins and synaptic vesicle recycling [PDF]
EMBO Reports, 2006 Botulinum toxins are metalloproteases that act inside nerve terminals and block neurotransmitter release through their cleavage of components of the exocytosis machinery.
Claudia Verderio +2 more
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Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 2012 Background: It is generally agreed that diffusion of botulinum toxin occurs, but the extent of the spread and its clinical importance are disputed.
Brodsky, Matthew A. +5 more
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Treatment of Blepharospasm and Oromandibular Dystonia with Botulinum Toxins. [PDF]
Toxins (Basel), 2020 Blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia are focal dystonias characterized by involuntary and often patterned, repetitive muscle contractions. There is a long history of medical and surgical therapies, with the current first-line therapy, botulinum ...
Hassell TJW, Charles D.
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Utilities of Botulinum Toxins in Dermatology and Cosmetology [PDF]
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 2021 Piyu Parth Naik
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Immunogenicity of botulinum toxin [PDF]
Archives of Plastic Surgery, 2022 Botulinum toxin treatment is the most common non-surgical cosmetic treatment. Although there are many available treatments using botulinum toxin, their effects are temporary and repeated injections are required. These frequent injections can trigger an immunological response. In addition, botulinum toxin acts as an antigen in the body; thus, its effect
Syeo Young Wee, Eun Soo Park
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