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Cytokine-Cytokine Interactions in the Context of Cytokine Networking
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 1992The start of the field of cytokine biology has been variously dated to 1951 with the discovery of nerve growth factor, 1954 with the discovery of interferon, the 1960s with the first description of "lymphokines," and 1966 with the discovery of "migration inhibitory factor" (1).
J A, Elias, R J, Zitnik
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Cytokine–cytokine interactions and the brain
Brain Research Bulletin, 2000Cytokine-cytokine interactions play a role in health and are crucial during immunological and inflammatory responses in disease. Cytokine interactions can result in additive, antagonist, or synergistic activities in maintaining physiological functions such as feeding, body temperature, and sleep, as well as in anorectic, pyrogenic, and somnogenic ...
N P, Turrin, C R, Plata-Salamán
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Cytokines, antibodies to cytokines and autoimmunity
Drugs of Today, 1998It is commonly accepted that cytokines play a major role in the generation of immune responses to various stimuli, whether to exogenous antigens or to autoimmune events. This process must be regulated via complex mechanisms that maintain the normal immune homeostasis. Anti-cytokine antibodies (ACAs) are one of the components that take part in confining
H, Amital, Y, Shoenfeld
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Current Opinion in Immunology, 1989
Cytokines manifest multiple biological activities in different target cells, and many cytokines are produced by a variety of cell types in response to different stimuli. Furthermore, the expression of a given cytokine gene is invariably influenced by other cytokines, forming a network of ‘cytokine cascades’.
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Cytokines manifest multiple biological activities in different target cells, and many cytokines are produced by a variety of cell types in response to different stimuli. Furthermore, the expression of a given cytokine gene is invariably influenced by other cytokines, forming a network of ‘cytokine cascades’.
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Inhibitory cytokines and cytokine inhibitors
Neurology, 1995Cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor are involved in the triggering of the immune response, induction of acute inflammatory events, and transition to, or persistence of, chronic inflammation. The action of proinflammatory cytokines is regulated by their receptor expression, downregulation and shedding, by specific inhibitors, and ...
Burger D, Dayer JM
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Cytokine Drizzle: The Rationale for Abandoning “Cytokine Storm”
Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2021ABSTRACT Background: “Cytokine storm” has been used to implicate increased cytokine levels in the pathogenesis of serious clinical conditions. Similarities with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronoavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) and the 2012 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome led early investigators to suspect a “cytokine ...
Allan E, Stolarski +3 more
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Cytokines and natural regulators of cytokines
Immunology Letters, 1994Cytokines are polypeptide or glycopeptide signalling molecules with molecular weights from 5 to 70,000 Daltons (Table 1). They act at extremely low concentrations (picomolar and femtomolar levels) as essential mediators of infectious and immunoinflammatory reactions.
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Inhaled cytokines and cytokine antagonists
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2006Cytokine and cytokine antagonist have provided novel and effective therapies for many human diseases. A number of approved cytokines including the interferons (alpha, beta and gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as well as novel cytokine antagonists have been administered by the pulmonary route for ...
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Cytokines and anti-cytokines as therapeutics — An update
European Journal of Pharmacology, 2008Cytokines which comprise of a family of proteins--interleukins, lymphokines, monokines, interferons, and chemokines, are important components of the immune system. They act in concert with specific cytokine inhibitors and soluble cytokine receptors to regulate the human immune response.
Vandana, Tayal, Bhupinder Singh, Kalra
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Cytokines in Cytokine Storm Syndrome
2019As the eponymous mediators of the cytokine storm syndrome, cytokines are a pleomorphic and diverse set of soluble molecules that activate or suppress immune functions in a wide variety of ways. The relevant cytokines for each CSS are likely a result of differing combinations of environmental triggers and host susceptibilities.
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