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Orexins in the Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Pharmacological Reviews, 2006 Orexin-A and orexin-B are hypothalamic peptides that act via two G protein-coupled receptors, named orexin type 1 and type 2 receptors (OX1-Rs and OX2-Rs). The most studied biological functions of orexins are the central control of feeding and sleep, but in the past few years findings that orexin system modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
SPINAZZI, RAFFAELLA +3 more
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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History
Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 2018 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to homeostasis, stress responses, energy metabolism, and neuropsychiatric function. The history of this complex system involves discovery of the relevant glands (adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus), hormones (cortisol, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone), and the receptors for these ...
Walter L. Miller
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1983Anterior pituitary corticotrophin cells secrete ACTH as part of a larger precursor molecule, pro-opiomelanocortin. Post-translational cleavage of this precursor yields three major peptides: ACTH, beta-LPH and N-POMC. Experiments both in vivo and in vitro suggest that N-POMC may act as a prohormone amplifier for ACTH-induced adrenal steroidogenesis and ...
C M, Feek, D J, Marante, C R, Edwards
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Cytokines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990After administration of the cytokines interleukin 1 (IL1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 2 and interleukin 6 to laboratory animals or humans, plasma levels of glucocorticoids are elevated. This effect is mediated by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit.
A R, Hermus, C G, Sweep
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The Immune-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis*
Endocrine Reviews, 1989IN VERTEBRATES, four major systems of intercellular communication exist: the neural, the endocrine, the neuroendocrine, and the immune system. For many years evidence has accumulated linking the neural, the endocrine, and the neuroendocrine systems, but the immune system was often viewed as essentially autonomous.
A, Bateman +3 more
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Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and stress
2020Stress is associated with the onset of several stress-related mental disorders that occur more frequently in women than in men, such as major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the major component of the neuroendocrine network responding to internal and external challenges.
Carolin, Leistner, Andreas, Menke
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The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Autoimmunity
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1997We have characterized the activation of the HPA axis in the chronic inflammatory stress model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Alteration in the hypothalamic control mechanism, where CRF is no longer the major corticotrophin-releasing factor, has been noted in a number of other immune-mediated disease models, including experimental allergic ...
M S, Harbuz +4 more
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The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Alcoholics
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1983The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis of a group of patients suffering from alcoholism was studied by determining their plasma corticosteroid levels and urinary‐free cortisol excretion before and after administration of 2 mg of dexamethasone. The patients were recently abstinent from alcohol and were found to be in a hypersecretory state.
J R, de La Fuente +6 more
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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Fetus
Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 2018Glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisol in humans, influence multiple essential maturational events during gestation. In the human fetus, fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, fetal adrenal steroidogenesis, placental 11β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity, maternal cortisol concentrations, and environmental factors impact fetal ...
Amr, Morsi +2 more
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The minimal model of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2010This paper concerns ODE modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis (HPA axis) using an analytical and numerical approach, combined with biological knowledge regarding physiological mechanisms and parameters. The three hormones, CRH, ACTH, and cortisol, which interact in the HPA axis are modeled as a system of three coupled, nonlinear ...
Vinther, Frank +2 more
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