Results 151 to 160 of about 3,392 (185)
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Trends in Molecular Medicine, 2002
A mammalian immune response to microbial organisms requires a series of pattern recognition steps, and nonspecific processes often precede elements of the specific immune system in this process. Molecules such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acids are relatively conserved, and are recognized in this manner by toll-like receptors ...
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A mammalian immune response to microbial organisms requires a series of pattern recognition steps, and nonspecific processes often precede elements of the specific immune system in this process. Molecules such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acids are relatively conserved, and are recognized in this manner by toll-like receptors ...
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Toll-like receptors in the spotlight
Nature Immunology, 2003Evidence that the relatively new field of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has come of age was apparent at a meeting held by the Biochemical Society at the Novartis Respiratory Centre in Horsham, UK, on 3 February 2003. The meeting covered a wide range of topics including how the innate response is tailored to the invading pathogen, how TLRs might have ...
Luke A J, O'Neill +2 more
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Nature Reviews Immunology, 2004
One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize specific molecular patterns that are present in microbial components. Stimulation of different TLRs induces distinct patterns of gene expression, which not only leads to the activation of ...
Shizuo, Akira, Kiyoshi, Takeda
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One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize specific molecular patterns that are present in microbial components. Stimulation of different TLRs induces distinct patterns of gene expression, which not only leads to the activation of ...
Shizuo, Akira, Kiyoshi, Takeda
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Toll‐like Receptors in Autoimmunity
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008Both genetic predispositions and environmental factors contribute to the development of autoimmunity. Toll‐like receptors (TLR) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and their stimulus by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) is an important prerequisite for the induction of ...
Maria, Fischer, Marc, Ehlers
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Cell and Tissue Research, 2010
Analysis of the genomes of two distantly related bird species, chicken and zebra finch (divergence of about 100 million years), indicate that there are ten avian toll-like receptors and that five of these, TLR2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5 and 7, are clear orthologs to TLRs found in mammals.
Robert, Brownlie, Brenda, Allan
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Analysis of the genomes of two distantly related bird species, chicken and zebra finch (divergence of about 100 million years), indicate that there are ten avian toll-like receptors and that five of these, TLR2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5 and 7, are clear orthologs to TLRs found in mammals.
Robert, Brownlie, Brenda, Allan
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Toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis
Biochemical Society Transactions, 2007At one time, atherosclerosis was thought to be a simple lipid storage disease. However, it is now recognized as a chronic and progressive inflammation of the arterial wall. Gene deletion experiments in murine models of atherosclerosis that reduce the inflammatory process also reduce disease severity.
P S, Tobias, L K, Curtiss
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Toll-like Receptors and Pregnancy
Reproductive Sciences, 2007The maternal-fetal interface represents an immunologically unique site that must promote tolerance to the allogenic fetus, whilst maintaining host defense against a diverse array of possible pathogens. Clinical studies have shown a strong association between certain pregnancy complications and intrauterine infections. Therefore, innate immune responses
Kaori, Koga, Gil, Mor
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Toll like receptors and viruses
Reviews in Medical Virology, 2006AbstractToll like receptors (TLRs) are ‘pattern recognition proteins’ that discriminate between self and non‐self. They interact with products of infectious agents to activate cells of the innate immune system and also stimulate the adaptive immune system.
Robert W, Finberg +2 more
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Viruses and Toll-like receptors
Microbes and Infection, 2003Recently a number of viruses, including a poxvirus, herpesvirus, retrovirus and two paramyxoviruses, have been shown to activate cells via Toll-like receptor family members. Here we postulate that although activation via Toll-like receptor molecules can lead to anti-viral innate immune responses, in some cases viruses may use these responses to ...
John C, Rassa, Susan R, Ross
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Signalling of Toll-Like Receptors
2008Since Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling was found crucial for the activation of innate and adaptive immunity, it has been the focus of immunological research. There are at least 13 identified mammalian TLRs, to date, that share similarities in their extracellular and intracellular domains.
Constantinos, Brikos, Luke A J, O'Neill
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