Second-Order Conditioning in Humans. [PDF]
Front Behav Neurosci, 2021 In contrast to the large body of work demonstrating second-order conditioning (SOC) in non-human animals, the evidence for SOC in humans is scant. In this review, I examine the existing literature and suggest theoretical and procedural explanations for why SOC has been so elusive in humans.
Lee JC.
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How common is a common error term? The rules that govern associative learning in sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning. [PDF]
Front Behav Neurosci, 2022 In standard (first-order) Pavlovian conditioning protocols, pairings of an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) and a biologically significant unconditioned stimulus (US) result in the formation of a CS-US association.
Todd TP, Holmes NM.
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Hierarchical architecture of dopaminergic circuits enables second-order conditioning in Drosophila. [PDF]
Elife, 2023 Dopaminergic neurons with distinct projection patterns and physiological properties compose memory subsystems in a brain. However, it is poorly understood whether or how they interact during complex learning.
Yamada D +8 more
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Minimal circuit motifs for second-order conditioning in the insect mushroom body. [PDF]
Front Physiol, 2023 In well-established first-order conditioning experiments, the concurrence of a sensory cue with reinforcement forms an association, allowing the cue to predict future reinforcement.
Jürgensen AM, Schmitt FJ, Nawrot MP.
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Second-Order Conditioning and Conditioned Inhibition in Different Moments of the Same Training: The Effect of A+ and AX- Trial Number. [PDF]
Front Behav Neurosci, 2021 The feature negative discrimination (A+/AX−) can result in X gaining excitatory properties (second-order conditioning, SOC) or in X gaining inhibitory properties (conditioned inhibition, CI), a challenging finding for most current associative learning ...
Muñiz-Diez C, Muñiz-Moreno J, Loy I.
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Second-order conditioning in Drosophila. [PDF]
Learn Mem, 2011 Associative conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster has been well documented for several decades. However, most studies report only simple associations of conditioned stimuli (CS, e.g., odor) with unconditioned stimuli (US, e.g., electric shock) to measure learning or establish memory.
Tabone CJ, de Belle JS.
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Cortical Contributions to Higher-Order Conditioning: A Review of Retrosplenial Cortex Function
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 2021 In higher-order conditioning paradigms, such as sensory preconditioning or second-order conditioning, discrete (e.g., phasic) or contextual (e.g., static) stimuli can gain the ability to elicit learned responses despite never being directly paired with ...
Danielle I. Fournier +3 more
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Biology, 2023 Threat conditioning, extinction, and second-order threat conditioning studied in animal models provide insight into the brain-based mechanisms of fear- and anxiety-related disorders and their treatment.
Tayebeh Sepahvand +3 more
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Second-order conditioning and conditioned inhibition: influences of speed versus accuracy on human causal learning. [PDF]
PLoS One, 2012 In human causal learning, excitatory and inhibitory learning effects can sometimes be found in the same paradigm by altering the learning conditions.
Lee JC, Livesey EJ.
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Parabrachial Calca neurons mediate second-order conditioning. [PDF]
Nat CommunLearning to associate cues, both directly and indirectly, with biologically significant events is essential for survival. Second-order conditioning (SOC) involves forming an association between a previously reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS1) and a new
Park S, Zhu A, Cao F, Palmiter RD.
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