Results 21 to 30 of about 22,801 (243)
Dynamics-Based Regulatory Switches of Type II Antitoxins: Insights into New Antimicrobial Discovery
Antibiotics, 2023 Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are prevalent in prokaryotes and are involved in cell maintenance and survival under harsh environmental conditions, including nutrient deficiency, antibiotic treatment, and human immune responses. Typically, the type
Ki-Young Lee, Bong-Jin Lee
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Pharmacokinetics of Human Recombinant Anti-Botulinum Toxin Antibodies in Rats
Toxins, 2019 Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are potential biothreat agents due to their high lethality, potency, and ease of distribution, thus the development of antitoxins is a high priority to the US government.
Yero Espinoza +9 more
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Three dimensional structure of the MqsR:MqsA complex: a novel TA pair comprised of a toxin homologous to RelE and an antitoxin with unique properties. [PDF]
PLoS Pathogens, 2009 One mechanism by which bacteria survive environmental stress is through the formation of bacterial persisters, a sub-population of genetically identical quiescent cells that exhibit multidrug tolerance and are highly enriched in bacterial toxins ...
Breann L Brown +7 more
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mBio, 2022 Small alarmone hydrolases (SAHs) are alarmone metabolizing enzymes found in both metazoans and bacteria. In metazoans, the SAH homolog Mesh1 is reported to function in cofactor metabolism by hydrolyzing NADPH to NADH.
Danny K. Fung +7 more
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Evolution of the SpoIISABC Toxin-Antitoxin-Antitoxin System in Bacilli
Toxins, 2016 Programmed cell death in bacteria is generally associated with two-component toxin-antitoxin systems. The SpoIISABC system, originally identified in Bacillus subtilis, consists of three components: a SpoIISA toxin and the SpoIISB and SpoIISC antitoxins ...
Marek Gabriško, Imrich Barák
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Multilevel Interaction Systems
Toxins, 2014 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules usually composed of a toxin and an antitoxin counteracting the activity of the toxic protein. These systems are widely spread in bacterial and archaeal genomes.
Nathalie Goeders, Laurence Van Melderen
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One cannot rule them all: Are bacterial toxins-antitoxins druggable?
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2015 Type II (proteic) toxin–antitoxin (TA) operons are widely spread in bacteria and archaea. They are organized as operons in which, usually, the antitoxin gene precedes the cognate toxin gene.
W. Chan, D. Balsa, M. Espinosa
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The Journal of comparative medicine and veterinary archivesCitation: 'antitoxin' in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed.; International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2025. Online version 5.0.0, 2025. 10.1351/goldbook.12901 • License: The IUPAC Gold Book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0 International for individual terms.
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Toxins, 2023 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widely present in bacterial genomes. They consist of stable toxins and unstable antitoxins that are classified into distinct groups based on their structure and biological activity. TA systems are mostly related to mobile
Lidia Boss, Barbara Kędzierska
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems of Staphylococcus aureus
Toxins, 2016 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes. They encode toxin proteins that interfere with vital cellular functions and are counteracted by antitoxins.
Christopher F. Schuster, Ralph Bertram
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