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Blepharospasm (BPS) is a variant of focal dystonia manifested by involuntary eyelid spasms with eye closure and/or increased spontaneous blinking. Along with motor symptoms, this condition is characterized by sensory, affective, and cognitive disorders ...
Z. A. Zalyalova
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Botulinum toxin preparations: areas for improvement and issues of standardisation
Scientific relevance. Botulinum toxin preparations are a good example of using a deadly toxin as a unique therapeutic agent. However, there are many unresolved issues related to biotechnology, biological activity, interchangeability, and standardisation ...
M. V. Savkina +4 more
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Cervical dystonia: non-motor aspects
Cervical dystonia (CD) is manifested by violent, often painful movements of the neck muscles with the abnormal head and/or neck postures being formed. Disease progression leads to disability of patients.
O. A. Druzhinina +3 more
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Wide range applications of botulinum toxin in medicine - literature review
Introduction and purpose : Botulinum toxin is one of the most dangerous natural toxins. Botulinum toxin poisoning causes botulism. Botulism is a set of systemic symptoms resulting from flaccid muscle paralysis.
Aleksandra Serwik-Trandasir +9 more
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to detect botulinum toxin and Clostridium botulinum (C.botulinum) in 30 batches of infant formula milk powder obtained from an enterprise and to analyze the whole genome of the strain of C.
LUO Haipeng +8 more
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Background and objective: The gold standard for the treatment of chronic anal fissure is lateral internal sphincterotomy. Botulinum toxin injection provides temporary alleviation of sphincter spasm and allows the fissure to heal.
Abdulqadir M. Zngana, Bawan Hiwa
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Botulinum toxin type A (Botox®) is thought to have antipruritic effects through inhibition of pruritic factors, including acetylcholine, substance P, and glutamate. The aim of this randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to test the effect
Leigh A. Nattkemper +7 more
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The Structure and Classification of Botulinum Toxins
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of bacterial protein toxins produced by various Clostridium species. They are traditionally classified into seven major serotypes (BoNT/A-G).
Stenmark, Pål, +2 more
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The Effects of Botulinum Toxin (BTXA) Dermal Injections on Facial Wrinkle Lines. [PDF]
Facial rejuvenation using Botulinum toxin A is one of the most popular aesthetic procedures. Many cosmetic applications of Botulinum toxin A are under evaluation.
Sung Chul Park +3 more
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To date, efficacy data on botulinum toxin type B (rimabotulinumtoxinB) in patients with cervical dystonia (CD) previously treated with botulinum toxin type A in a large population are lacking; thus, we aimed to evaluate type B efficacy in this patient ...
Ryuji Kaji +3 more
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