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Botulinum Toxin

Critical Care Clinics, 2005
Botulinum toxin is regarded as the most lethal substance known. It is estimated that the human LD50 for inhalation botulism is 1 to 3 nanograms of toxin/kilogram body mass. Although only three cases of inhalational botulism have been described, an understanding of the pathophysiology of food-borne outbreaks, wound botulism, and infant botulism, and ...
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Botulinum Toxin for Rhinitis

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 2016
Rhinitis is a common clinical entity. Besides nasal obstruction, itching, and sneezing, one of the most important symptoms of rhinitis is nasal hypersecretion produced by nasal glands and exudate from the nasal vascular bed. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory reaction of nasal mucosa after exposure to environmental allergens.
Cengiz, Ozcan, Onur, Ismi
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Botulinum Toxin

American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2004
In the United States, the popularity of botulinum toxins as agents to treat muscle hypertonia has grown significantly over the last decade, despite lack of approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the indication of spasticity. Botox (botulinum toxin type A) and Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) are Food and Drug Administration-approved for ...
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Pharmacology of botulinum toxin

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2000
Botulinum toxin has a well-defined role among dermatologists for the treatment of facial wrinkling, brow position, and palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis.The purpose of this study is to educate dermatologists on the pharmacology of botulinum toxin.A retrospective review of the literature on botulinum toxin from 1962 to the present was conducted.
W, Huang, J A, Foster, A S, Rogachefsky
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Browlift with Botulinum Toxin

Dermatologic Surgery, 2000
Botulinum toxin has been used successfully for the treatment of hyperfunctional facial lines.To determine the alteration in brow position after botulinum toxin treatment of the brow depressor muscles.Eleven women, 30-60 years old, were treated. Prior to treatment, brow position was measured relative to the pupil.
W, Huang, A S, Rogachefsky, J A, Foster
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Botulinum Toxin and Pain

2020
This chapter is focused on analgesic mechanism of action of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) including the action beyond peripheral nerve endings. With the exception of the meninges and possibly urinary bladder, the presence of BoNT-A activity in the periphery, cleaving SNAP25 as a target molecule, up to now was not convincingly shown.
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Botulinum Toxin and Pregnancy

SKINmed: Dermatology for the Clinician, 2006
The overall use of botulinum toxin type A in cosmetic procedures continues to rise, and the incidental exposures of pregnant women to the drug can occur. The author describes 2 patients who received botulinum toxin type A injections during pregnancy.
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Botulinum Toxin in Otorhinolaryngology

2014
Through its anticholinergic effect, botulinum toxin is a suitable therapeutic option for dysfunctions of the muscular and the autonomic nervous system.Beside the classical indications like facial hyperkinesis (i.e. blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm), the treatment of complex dystonias (oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic dystonia, cervical dystonia ...
S, Rohrbach, R, Laskawi
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Botulinum Toxin Therapy

Neurologic Clinics, 1991
Botulinum toxin therapy has emerged as a treatment modality for a variety of spastic- or contracture-related muscle diseases. Its safety has been proven for long-term use in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and certain types of strabismus. Recent approval from the Federal Drug Administration should make botulinum toxin
P J, Savino, M, Maus
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Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology

Survey of Ophthalmology, 2007
Since its introduction into clinical medicine in 1980, botulinum toxin has become a major therapeutic drug with applications valuable to many medical sub-specialties. Its use was spearheaded in ophthalmology where its potential applications have expanded to cover a broad range of visually related disorders.
Jonathan J, Dutton, Amy M, Fowler
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