Results 11 to 20 of about 1,389,910 (274)
Nephron Clinical Practice, 2010 In confounding, the effect of the exposure of interest is mixed with the effect of another variable. It is important to identify relevant confounders and remove the confounding effect as much as possible. There are three criteria that need to be fulfilled to determine whether a variable could be considered a potential confounder. The first criterion is
Stralen, K.J. van +3 more
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Estimating the effect of healthcare-associated infections on excess length of hospital stay using inverse probability-weighted survival curves [PDF]
, 2020 Background: Studies estimating excess length of stay (LOS) attributable to nosocomial infections have failed to address time-varying confounding, likely leading to overestimation of their impact.
Batra, Rahul +5 more
core +2 more sources
Leveraging hierarchical population structure in discrete association studies [PDF]
, 2007 Population structure can confound the identification of correlations in biological data. Such confounding has been recognized in multiple biological disciplines, resulting in a disparate collection of proposed solutions.
Awadalla, P. +4 more
core +3 more sources
Multiply Robust Causal Inference with Double Negative Control Adjustment for Categorical Unmeasured Confounding [PDF]
, 2019 Unmeasured confounding is a threat to causal inference in observational studies. In recent years, use of negative controls to mitigate unmeasured confounding has gained increasing recognition and popularity.
Miao, Wang +3 more
core +1 more source
Confounding and confounders [PDF]
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2003 Confounding should always be addressed in studies concerned with causality. When present, it results in a biased estimate of the effect of exposure on disease. The bias can be negative - resulting in underestimation of the exposure effect - or positive, and can even reverse the apparent direction of effect.
openaire +3 more sources
Adjusting for Confounding by Neighborhood Using a Proportional Odds Model and Complex Survey Data [PDF]
, 2011 In social epidemiology, an individual\u27s neighborhood is considered to be an important determinant of health behaviors, mediators, and outcomes. Consequently, when investigating health disparities, researchers may wish to adjust for confounding by ...
Brumback, Babette A. +2 more
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Adjusting bone mass for differences in projected bone area and other confounding variables: an allometric perspective. [PDF]
, 2002 The traditional method of assessing bone mineral density (BMD; given by bone mineral content [BMC] divided by projected bone area [Ap], BMD = BMC/Ap) has come under strong criticism by various authors. Their criticism being that the projected bone "area"
Alan M. Nevill +35 more
core +2 more sources
Why do so many trials of vitamin D supplementation fail?
Endocrine Connections, 2020 Our knowledge of vitamin D has come a long way since the 100 years it took for doctors to accept, between 1860 and 1890, that both sunlight and cod liver oil (a well-known folk remedy) cured and prevented rickets. Vitamins D2/D3 were discovered exactly a
Barbara J Boucher
doaj +1 more source
Confounding and Confounding Control
, 2022 AbstractCurrently, the classical, counterfactual, and structural confounding definitions, are simultaneously used in teaching or practice context of epidemiology. Despite the resemblance, the three definitions are different in many aspects. A unified theory of confounding and confounding control has not been established.
Shaolong Ren, Genming Zhao
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Journal of Epidemiology, 2023 Background: The counterfactual definition of confounding is often explained in the context of exchangeability between the exposed and unexposed groups.
Etsuji Suzuki +2 more
doaj +1 more source