Results 21 to 30 of about 1,001,591 (299)

Why do so many trials of vitamin D supplementation fail?

Endocrine Connections, 2020
Our knowledge of vitamin D has come a long way since the 100 years it took for doctors to accept, between 1860 and 1890, that both sunlight and cod liver oil (a well-known folk remedy) cured and prevented rickets. Vitamins D2/D3 were discovered exactly a
Barbara J Boucher
doaj   +1 more source

Are the effects of psychosocial exposures attributable to confounding? Evidence from a prospective observational study on psychological stress and mortality [PDF]

, 2001
<b>STUDY OBJECTIVES</b> To examine the association between perceived psychological stress and cause specific mortality in a population where perceived stress was not associated with material disadvantage.
Hart, C., Macleod, John, Heslop, P., Metcalfe, C, Hart, C, Heslop, P, Metcalfe, CR, Davey Smith, G., Carroll, Douglas, Davey Smith, G, Metcalfe, C., Carroll, D., Macleod, J., Macleod, JAA, Carroll, D   +14 more
core   +1 more source

Use of E-values for addressing confounding in observational studies-an empirical assessment of the literature. [PDF]

, 2020
BACKGROUND E-values are a recently introduced approach to evaluate confounding in observational studies. We aimed to empirically assess the current use of E-values in published literature.
Ioannidis, John P A, Tan, Yuan Jin, Blum, Manuel   +2 more
core   +2 more sources

Exchangeability of Measures of Association Before and After Exposure Status Is Flipped: Its Relationship With Confounding in the Counterfactual Model

Journal of Epidemiology, 2023
Background: The counterfactual definition of confounding is often explained in the context of exchangeability between the exposed and unexposed groups.
Etsuji Suzuki, Michio Yamamoto, Eiji Yamamoto   +2 more
doaj   +1 more source

Study Designs and Statistical Analyses for Biomarker Research

Sensors, 2012
Biomarkers are becoming increasingly important for streamlining drug discovery and development. In addition, biomarkers are widely expected to be used as a tool for disease diagnosis, personalized medication, and surrogate endpoints in clinical research.
Yasunori Sato, Kengo Nagashima, Masahiko Gosho   +2 more
doaj   +1 more source

Need for and practical interpretations of the person-year construct in neuropsychiatric research

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 2019
In observational studies, groups of interest may be carved out of predictors of interest. Thus, for example, if cardiovascular (CVS) health at age 50 years is the predictor of interest for dementia as the long-term outcome, groups of interest could ...
Chittaranjan Andrade
doaj   +1 more source

Sanitized Clustering against Confounding Bias [PDF]

, 2023
Real-world datasets inevitably contain biases that arise from different sources or conditions during data collection. Consequently, such inconsistency itself acts as a confounding factor that disturbs the cluster analysis.
Yao, Yinghua, Pan, Yuangang, Tsang, Ivor W., Yao, Xin, Li, Jing   +4 more
core   +1 more source

Genetic ancestry influences gene-environment interactions with sociocultural factors: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

HGG Advances
Summary: Often, studies will aggregate all participants identified as Hispanic/Latino, despite genetic and environmental substructures, preventing the meaningful interrogation of the roles of genetics and environment in human health.
Jayati Sharma, Cristin E. McArdle, Mariaelisa Graff, Christina Cordero, Martha Daviglus, Linda C. Gallo, Carmen R. Isasi, Tanika N. Kelly, Krista M. Perreira, Gregory A. Talavera, Jianwen Cai, Kari E. North, Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes, Genevieve L. Wojcik   +13 more
doaj   +1 more source

The Deductive Approach to Causal Inference

Journal of Causal Inference, 2014
This paper reviews concepts, principles, and tools that have led to a coherent mathematical theory that unifies the graphical, structural, and potential outcome approaches to causal inference. The theory provides solutions to a number of pending problems
Pearl Judea
doaj   +1 more source

Confounding and Statistical Significance of Indirect Effects: Childhood Adversity, Education, Smoking, and Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology

Frontiers in Psychology, 2017
The life course perspective, the risky families model, and stress-and-coping models provide the rationale for assessing the role of smoking as a mediator in the association between childhood adversity and anxious and depressive symptomatology (ADS) in ...
Mashhood Ahmed Sheikh
doaj   +1 more source