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Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2009 It is accepted that most fungal avirulence genes encode virulence factors that are called effectors. Most fungal effectors are secreted, cysteine-rich proteins, and a role in virulence has been shown for a few of them, including Avr2 and Avr4 of Cladosporium fulvum, which inhibit plant cysteine proteases and protect chitin in fungal cell walls against
Stergiopoulos, I., de Wit, P.J.G.M.
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Effector Molecules and Regulatory Proteins: Applications
Trends in Biotechnology, 2016 Bacteria respond to their external environment by modulating gene expression in the presence of certain effector molecules. The adaptive responses are mediated by transcriptional regulators that, after binding to the DNA, recognize these effector molecules and modify transcription. Some applications of regulatory proteins are reviewed here.
Landete, José María
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Nuclear trafficking of bacterial effector proteins [PDF]
Cellular Microbiology, 2021 Bacterial pathogens can subvert host responses by producing effector proteins that directly target the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in animals and plants. Nuclear-targeting proteins are categorised as either: "nucleomodulins," which have epigenetic-modulating activities; or "cyclomodulins," which specifically interfere with the host cell cycle. Bacteria
Lena Hoang My Le +2 more
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Rho GTPases and their effector proteins [PDF]
Biochemical Journal, 2000 Rho GTPases are molecular switches that regulate many essential cellular processes, including actin dynamics, gene transcription, cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. About 30 potential effector proteins have been identified that interact with members of the Rho family, but it is still unclear which of these are responsible for the diverse ...
A L, Bishop, A, Hall
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Expression and regulation of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 effector proteins NleH1 and NleH2 [PDF]
, 2012 E. coli O157 carries two genes encoding the effector proteins NleH1 and NleH2 which are 87% identical. Despite the similarity between the proteins, the promoter regions upstream of the genes encoding the effectors are more divergent suggesting that the ...
Mitchell, T.J. +6 more
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Functional and structural insights into RAS effector proteins. [PDF]
Mol CellRAS proteins are conserved guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolases (GTPases) that act as molecular binary switches and play vital roles in numerous cellular processes. Upon GTP binding, RAS GTPases adopt an active conformation and interact with specific proteins termed RAS effectors that contain a conserved ubiquitin-like domain, thereby facilitating ...
Mozzarelli AM, Simanshu DK, Castel P.
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The versatile Legionella effector protein DrrA [PDF]
Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2011 The human pathogen Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium that infects human cells and interferes with intracellular signaling. The Legionella protein DrrA is one of the numerous effectors that the bacterium translocates into the host cytosol. DrrA binds to the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV), an organelle in which Legionella survives and replicates,
Goody, R. +7 more
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PLoS ONE, 2022 Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogens are essential for infection. Cytoplasmic RXLR effectors from oomycetes are characterized by the presence of RXLR and EER motifs that are frequently linked to WY- and/or LWY-domains, folds that are exclusive ...
Maud Combier +4 more
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From FIC to BID : target identification and functional characterization of "Bartonella" effector proteins [PDF]
, 2014 Pathogens belonging to the genus Bartonella employ a unique stealth infection strategy that involves evasion from the host immune system, replication in the endothelium and persistence in erythrocytes.
Pieles, Kathrin
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Computational Prediction of Effector Proteins in Fungi: Opportunities and Challenges
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016 Effector proteins are mostly secretory proteins that stimulate plant infection by manipulating the host response. Identifying fungal effector proteins and understanding their function is of great importance in efforts to curb losses to plant diseases ...
Humira eSonah +2 more
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