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Freezing

open access: yes, 2006
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Freeze Fracture and Freeze Etching

2013
Freeze fracture depends on the property of frozen tissues or cells, when cracked open, to split along the hydrophobic interior of membranes, thus revealing broad panoramas of membrane interior. These large panoramas reveal the three-dimensional contours of membranes making the methods well suited to studying changes in membrane architecture.
Douglas E, Chandler, William P, Sharp
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Freezing

Science, 1987
There is no first principles theory of freezing or melting, even for the simplest materials. The prediction of phase diagrams is an important first step in understanding the crystal-melt interface, crystallization near equilibrium, and nucleation. Recently, a new approximate theory for the freezing of classical liquids, known as the density functional ...
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Freezing and freeze-drying

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 1975
Most biological substances are unstable during storage owing to their high water content. This is why numerous attempts have been made over the last 100 years to prevent, by low temperature freezing, metabolic and biochemical degradations. The transformation of water into ice brings to an end all chemical reactions; however, it might also induce ...
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Freeze-Substitution and Freeze-Drying

1987
Freeze-substitution (FS) and freeze-drying (FD) are dehydration techniques by which the water is gently removed from a frozen specimen. Both techniques can serve as a link between cryofixation and conventional thin sectioning at room temperature (Fig. 1).
Steinbrecht, R., Müller, M.
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Freezing and Freeze-Drying

2016
Freezing of biological materials is commonly carried out to delay biochemical and chemical changes resulting in loss of activity. However, the physicochemical background of freezing is not well understood. Freeze-drying is generally aimed at preserving biological materials and bioactive components for long periods of time without the need for frozen ...
Yrjö H. Roos   +2 more
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