Structure of the saxiphilin:saxitoxin (STX) complex reveals a convergent molecular recognition strategy for paralytic toxins. [PDF]
Science Advances, 2019 Dinoflagelates and cyanobacteria produce saxitoxin (STX), a lethal bis-guanidinium neurotoxin causing paralytic shellfish poisoning. A number of metazoans have soluble STX-binding proteins that may prevent STX intoxication.
Du Bois, J +4 more
core +4 more sources
Docking Simulation of the Binding Interactions of Saxitoxin Analogs Produced by the Marine Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum to the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.4 [PDF]
Toxins, 2016 Saxitoxin (STX) and its analogs are paralytic alkaloid neurotoxins that block the voltage-gated sodium channel pore (Nav), impeding passage of Na+ ions into the intracellular space, and thereby preventing the action potential in the peripheral nervous ...
Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll +4 more
doaj +7 more sources
Neurotoxic Alkaloids: Saxitoxin and Its Analogs
Marine Drugs, 2010 Saxitoxin (STX) and its 57 analogs are a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). PSTs are the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and are mostly associated with marine ...
Troco K. Mihali +4 more
doaj +3 more sources
Sublethal neurotoxicity of saxitoxin in early zebrafish development: Impact on sensorimotor function and neurotransmission systems [PDF]
HeliyonSaxitoxin (STX) represents a marine toxin of significant concern due to its deleterious implications for aquatic ecosystems and public food safety. As a potent paralytic agent, the role of STX in obstructing voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) is well ...
Beatriz Carnicero +8 more
doaj +2 more sources
Simultaneous Multiclass Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacterial Samples Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. [PDF]
J Sep SciABSTRACT The proliferation of cyanobacteria can result in algal blooms, which may cause environmental and biological harm due to the production and release of secondary metabolites, or cyanotoxins, into the affected waterway. Cyanobacteria can produce multiple classes of cyanotoxins; therefore, to understand the full toxic load of algal blooms, it is ...
Bergin R +3 more
europepmc +2 more sources
Saxitoxin potentiates human neuronal cell death induced by Zika virus while sparing neural progenitors and astrocytes [PDF]
Scientific ReportsThe Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic declared in Brazil between 2015 and 2016 was associated with an increased prevalence of severe congenital malformations, including microcephaly.
Leticia R. Q. Souza +10 more
doaj +2 more sources
Synthesis of Saxitoxin Biosynthetic Intermediates: Reveal the Mechanism for Formation of its Tricyclic Skeleton in Biosynthesis. [PDF]
Chem Asian JSaxitoxin biosynthetic intermediate 7 and its 6‐epimer (10) along with 14 were synthesized from 13 in a single step, probably via aza‐Michael addition reaction. Compounds 7 and 10 were identified in the toxin‐producing cyanobacterium Dolichospernum circinale (TA04).
Hirozumi R +8 more
europepmc +2 more sources
Influence of biochar on the removal of Microcystin-LR and Saxitoxin from aqueous solutions [PDF]
Scientific ReportsThe present study assessed the effective use of biochar for the adsorption of two potent HAB toxins namely, Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and Saxitoxin (STX) through a combination of dosage, kinetic, equilibrium, initial pH, and competitive adsorption ...
Cadianne Chambers +3 more
doaj +2 more sources
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mollusks from Galicia Analyzed by a Fast Refined AOAC 2005.06 Method: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Inter-Specific, Spatial, and Seasonal Variations [PDF]
ToxinsParalytic shellfish poisoning is an important concern for mollusk fisheries, aquaculture, and public health. In Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula, such toxicity has been monitored for a long time using mouse bioassay.
Juan Blanco +5 more
doaj +2 more sources
Low Temperature and Cold Stress Significantly Increase Saxitoxins (STXs) and Expression of STX Biosynthesis Genes sxtA4 and sxtG in the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella [PDF]
Marine Drugs, 2021 Toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. produce saxitoxins (STXs), whose biosynthesis pathway is affected by temperature. However, the link between the regulation of the relevant genes and STXs’ accumulation and temperature is insufficiently understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of temperature on cellular STXs and the expression of ...
Hansol Kim +5 more
openaire +3 more sources