The Chlamydia-related Waddlia chondrophila encodes functional type II toxin-antitoxin systems. [PDF]
Appl Environ MicrobiolArdissone S, Greub G.
europepmc +1 more source
Toxin/antitoxin systems induce persistence and work in concert with restriction/modification systems to inhibit phage. [PDF]
Microbiol SpectrFernández-García L +6 more
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Type II and IV toxin-antitoxin systems coordinately stabilize the integrative and conjugative element of the ICESa2603 family conferring multiple drug resistance in Streptococcus suis. [PDF]
PLoS PathogGu Q +6 more
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Unraveling the evolutionary dynamics of toxin-antitoxin systems in diverse genetic lineages of <i>Escherichia coli</i> including the high-risk clonal complexes. [PDF]
mBioSingh A +4 more
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Biology and evolution of bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems [PDF]
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2022 Toxin-antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that counteracts its cognate toxin. In the past decade, a number of new toxin-antitoxin systems have been described, bringing new growth inhibition mechanisms to light as well as ...
Nathan Fraikin +2 more
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Phage Defense Elements [PDF]
Annual Review of Microbiology, 2022 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria that consist of a growth-inhibiting toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are prevalent in bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and phage genomes, but individual systems are not highly conserved, even among closely related strains. The biological functions of TA systems have
Michael T Laub, Michele Leroux
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Regulation of toxin–antitoxin systems by proteolysis [PDF]
Plasmid, 2013 Toxin-antitoxin systems are widely distributed among many bacterial species, including human pathogens. Typically, these systems consist of two genes in an operon which encodes a stable toxin disrupting essential cellular processes and a labile antitoxin preventing toxicity.
Urszula Zielenkiewicz
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Mobile Genetic Elements, 2013 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are either proteins or non-coding RNAs. Based on the molecular nature of the antitoxin and its mode of interaction with the toxin the TA modules are currently grouped into five ...
Simon Josef Unterholzner +2 more
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parD toxin–antitoxin system of plasmid R1 – basic contributions, biotechnological applications and relationships with closely‐related toxin–antitoxin systems [PDF]
FEBS Journal, 2010 Toxin–antitoxin systems, as found in bacterial plasmids and their host chromosomes, play a role in the maintenance of genetic information, as well as in the response to stress.
Elizabeth Diago Navarro +2 more
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