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Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Evolution and Revolutions [PDF]
Journal of Bacteriology, 2020 Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA systems were initially discovered on plasmids, functioning as addiction modules through a phenomenon called postsegregational killing, they were later shown to be ...
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Toxin–antitoxin systems: Classification, biological roles, and applications
Microbiological Research, 2022Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, composed of a stable toxin and a cognate unstable antitoxin, are ubiquitous in the genomes of bacteria and archaea. Under suitable growth conditions, an antitoxin prevents its cognate toxin from inducing toxicity; nonetheless, under stress or plasmid loss, it is either rapidly degraded or downregulated, thereby freeing the
Man Wei, Chengkun Zheng, Xinan Jiao
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Ribonucleases in bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 2013Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea and play important roles in a diverse range of cellular activities. TA systems have been broadly classified into 5 types and the targets of the toxins are diverse, but the most frequently used cellular target is mRNA.
Cook, Gregory M. +6 more
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Bacteria and Archaea
Annual Review of Genetics, 2011Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher systems. The cellular targets of these toxins are quite diverse and include DNA replication, mRNA stability, protein synthesis, cell-wall biosynthesis, and ATP synthesis.
Yoshihiro, Yamaguchi +2 more
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Evolutionary history of Caulobacter toxin–antitoxin systems
Current Microbiology, 2021Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been studied in many bacterial genera, but a clear understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of TA operons has not emerged. To address this issue, I identified 42 distinct TA operons in three genomes that represent the three branches of the Caulobacter phylogenetic tree. The location of each operon was then examined
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Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial growth arrest and persistence
Nature Chemical Biology, 2016Bacterial persister cells constitute a subpopulation of genetically identical, metabolically slow-growing cells that are highly tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental stresses. Recent studies have demonstrated that gene loci known as toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules play a central role in the persister state.
Rebecca, Page, Wolfgang, Peti
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Toxin-antitoxin systems in mycobacterial infections
2021With an increase in antibiotic therapy failure, there has been a surge of research to understand antibiotic persistence. The distinct subpopulation of cells that can survive antibiotic treatment are called “persisters”. The persister cells also account for group of cells that cause “persistent infection” by evading human immune system, for example ...
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Chromosomal bacterial type II toxin–antitoxin systems
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2012Most prokaryotic chromosomes contain a number of toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules consisting of a pair of genes that encode 2 components, a stable toxin and its cognate labile antitoxin. TA systems are also known as addiction modules, since the cells become “addicted” to the short-lived antitoxin product (the unstable antitoxin is degraded faster than the
Mohammad Adnan, Syed +1 more
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Molecular stripping underpins derepression of a toxin–antitoxin system
Nature Structural & Molecular BiologyTranscription factors control gene expression; among these, transcriptional repressors must liberate the promoter for derepression to occur. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial elements that autoregulate their transcription by binding the promoter in a T:A ratio-dependent manner, known as conditional cooperativity.
Grzegorz J. Grabe +7 more
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