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PemK's Arg24 is a crucial residue for PemIK toxin-antitoxin system to induce the persistence of Weissella cibaria against ciprofloxacin stress. [PDF]
Front MicrobiolZhu HY +4 more
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Biology and evolution of bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems [PDF]
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2022 Toxin-antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that counteracts its cognate toxin. In the past decade, a number of new toxin-antitoxin systems have been described, bringing new growth inhibition mechanisms to light as well as ...
Dukas Jurenas +2 more
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Phage Defense Elements
Annual Review of Microbiology, 2022 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria that consist of a growth-inhibiting toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are prevalent in bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and phage genomes, but individual systems are not highly conserved, even among closely related strains. The biological functions of TA systems have
Michele Leroux, Michael T Laub
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Mobile Genetic Elements, 2013 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are either proteins or non-coding RNAs. Based on the molecular nature of the antitoxin and its mode of interaction with the toxin the TA modules are currently grouped into five ...
Simon J Unterholzner +2 more
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Ribonucleases in bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 2013Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea and play important roles in a diverse range of cellular activities. TA systems have been broadly classified into 5 types and the targets of the toxins are diverse, but the most frequently used cellular target is mRNA.
Cook, Gregory M. +6 more
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Bacteria and Archaea
Annual Review of Genetics, 2011Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher systems. The cellular targets of these toxins are quite diverse and include DNA replication, mRNA stability, protein synthesis, cell-wall biosynthesis, and ATP synthesis.
Yoshihiro, Yamaguchi +2 more
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Evolutionary history of Caulobacter toxin–antitoxin systems
Current Microbiology, 2021Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been studied in many bacterial genera, but a clear understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of TA operons has not emerged. To address this issue, I identified 42 distinct TA operons in three genomes that represent the three branches of the Caulobacter phylogenetic tree. The location of each operon was then examined
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Implications for Plant Disease
Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2017Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are gene modules that are ubiquitous in free-living prokaryotes. Diverse in structure, cellular function, and fitness roles, TA systems are defined by the presence of a toxin gene that suppresses bacterial growth and a toxin-neutralizing antitoxin gene, usually encoded in a single operon.
T, Shidore, L R, Triplett
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Toxin–antitoxin systems: Classification, biological roles, and applications
Microbiological Research, 2022Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, composed of a stable toxin and a cognate unstable antitoxin, are ubiquitous in the genomes of bacteria and archaea. Under suitable growth conditions, an antitoxin prevents its cognate toxin from inducing toxicity; nonetheless, under stress or plasmid loss, it is either rapidly degraded or downregulated, thereby freeing the
Jun, Qiu +4 more
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Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial growth arrest and persistence
Nature Chemical Biology, 2016Bacterial persister cells constitute a subpopulation of genetically identical, metabolically slow-growing cells that are highly tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental stresses. Recent studies have demonstrated that gene loci known as toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules play a central role in the persister state.
Rebecca, Page, Wolfgang, Peti
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