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Biology and evolution of bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2022 Toxin-antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that counteracts its cognate toxin. In the past decade, a number of new toxin-antitoxin systems have been described, bringing new growth inhibition mechanisms to light as well as ...
Dukas Jurėnas +3 more
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Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems [PDF]
Mobile Genetic Elements, 2011 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are composed of two elements: a toxic protein and an antitoxin which is either an RNA (type I and III) or a protein (type II). Type II systems are abundant in bacterial genomes in which they move via horizontal gene transfer.
Guglielmini, Julien +1 more
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Clinical Pathogens [PDF]
Toxins, 2016 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are prevalent in bacteria and archaea. Although not essential for normal cell growth, TA systems are implicated in multiple cellular functions associated with survival under stress conditions. Clinical strains of bacteria are currently causing major human health problems as a result of their multidrug resistance ...
Laura Fernández-García +6 more
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Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial pathogenesis
Heliyon, 2023 Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems are abundant in prokaryotes and play an important role in various biological processes such as plasmid maintenance, phage inhibition, stress response, biofilm formation, and dormant persister cell generation. TA loci are abundant in pathogenic intracellular micro-organisms and help in their adaptation to the harsh host ...
Sonika Sonika +3 more
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Chaperone addiction of toxin–antitoxin systems [PDF]
Nature Communications, 2016 AbstractBacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems, in which a labile antitoxin binds and inhibits the toxin, can promote adaptation and persistence by modulating bacterial growth in response to stress. Some atypical TA systems, known as tripartite toxin–antitoxin–chaperone (TAC) modules, include a molecular chaperone that facilitates folding and protects ...
Patricia Bordes +8 more
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems of Staphylococcus aureus [PDF]
Toxins, 2016 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes. They encode toxin proteins that interfere with vital cellular functions and are counteracted by antitoxins. Dependent on the chemical nature of the antitoxins (protein or RNA) and how they control the activity of the toxin, TA systems are currently divided ...
Christopher Schuster, Ralph Bertram
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Toxin–antitoxin systems: reversible toxicity
Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2017 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems encoded on the plasmids and chromosomes of bacteria are emerging as key players in stress adaptation. In particular, they have been implicated in the induction of persisters non-growing cells that can evade antibiotic exposure.
Hall, A, Gollan, B, Helaine, S
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Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Bacillus subtilis [PDF]
Toxins, 2019 Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems were originally discovered as plasmid maintenance systems in a multitude of free-living bacteria, but were afterwards found to also be widespread in bacterial chromosomes. TA loci comprise two genes, one coding for a stable toxin whose overexpression kills the cell or causes growth stasis, and the other coding for an ...
Sabine Brantl, Peter Müller
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mBio, 2019 Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed modules whose biological roles remain mostly unknown. The mqsRA system is a noncanonical TA system in which the toxin and antitoxins genes are organized in operon but with the particularity that the ...
Nathan Fraikin +3 more
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The coevolution of toxin and antitoxin genes drives the dynamics of bacterial addiction complexes and intragenomic conflict [PDF]
, 2012 Bacterial genomes commonly contain ‘addiction’ gene complexes that code for both a toxin and a corresponding antitoxin. As long as both genes are expressed, cells carrying the complex can remain healthy.
Brown, Sam P. +3 more
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