Gene duplication, gene loss, and recombination events with variola virus shaped the complex evolutionary path of historical American horsepox-based smallpox vaccines. [PDF]
mBio, 2023 Vaccinia virus is the active component of all modern smallpox vaccines after the mid-20th century, but it is uncertain to what extent cowpox, vaccinia, and horsepox viruses were used to produce vaccines before then.
Souza ARV +4 more
europepmc +3 more sources
Evidence of Long-Distance Aerial Convection of Variola Virus and Implications for Disease Control. [PDF]
Viruses, 2019 Two distinct phenomena of airborne transmission of variola virus (smallpox) were described in the pre-eradication era—direct respiratory transmission, and a unique phenomenon of transmission over greater distances, referred to as “aerial ...
MacIntyre CR +4 more
europepmc +3 more sources
Design of inhibitors of thymidylate kinase from Variola virus as new selective drugs against smallpox: part II. [PDF]
J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2019 Acknowledging the importance of studies toward the development of measures against terrorism and bioterrorism, this study aims to contribute to the design of new prototypes of potential drugs against smallpox.
Rodrigues Garcia D +5 more
europepmc +4 more sources
Flocculation Experiments with Variola and Vaccinia Virus [PDF]
American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, 1931 J MMUNOLOGICAL studies of viruses have shown clearly and uniLformly that virucidal properties are developed in the serum of animals following an attack of the disease and in some instances following injection of the killed virus. The demonstration of agglutinins, precipitins or complement-fixing antibodies has not been so convincing and, in contrast to
Catherine R. Mayfield, Leon C. Havens
openaire +5 more sources
Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age [PDF]
Science, 2020 Smallpox, one of the most devastating human diseases, killed 300–500 million people in the 20th century alone. We recovered viral sequences from thirteen northern European individuals, including eleven from ~600–1050 Common Era, overlapping the Viking ...
Smith, Derek
core +2 more sources
Single-Dose Assay Technique for Variola Virus [PDF]
Applied Microbiology, 1964 A biological assay for variola virus was needed that would (i) require a minimum of time and (ii) have acceptable precision. Preliminary titrations made in 11-day-old embryonated eggs and in suckling mice (6 to 24 hr of age) demonstrated a linear relationship between the concentration of variola virus injected and the mean reciprocal time to death (MTD)
Michael D. Orlando, Jean M. Riley
openaire +4 more sources
A Multiplex PCR/LDR Assay for the Simultaneous Identification of Category A Infectious Pathogens: Agents of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever and Variola Virus. [PDF]
PLoS One, 2015 CDC designated category A infectious agents pose a major risk to national security and require special action for public health preparedness. They include viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) syndrome as well as variola virus, the agent of ...
Das S +12 more
europepmc +3 more sources
EPIPOX: Immunoinformatic Characterization of the Shared T-Cell Epitome between Variola Virus and Related Pathogenic Orthopoxviruses. [PDF]
J Immunol Res, 2015 Concerns that variola viruses might be used as bioweapons have renewed the interest in developing new and safer smallpox vaccines. Variola virus genomes are now widely available, allowing computational characterization of the entire T-cell epitome and ...
Molero-Abraham M +4 more
europepmc +3 more sources
Effect of disinfectants on variola virus in cell culture [PDF]
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1976 Twenty kinds of disinfectants were examined for ability to inactivate variola virus. Cytopathic effect and plaque formation on monolayer cultures of an established monkey kidney cell line were used as indicators of virus inactivation. A micromethod using microplate cultures, and not requiring a CO2 incubator, was adopted.
S Hotta, I Tanabe
openaire +4 more sources
An Antigenically Atypical Strain of Variola Virus
Journal of General Virology, 1976 The Kuwait-5-67 strain of variola virus, although indistinguishable from variola virus in its other properties, behaved atypically in immuno-diffusion tests with antivaccinia serum. The precipitation line pattern produced was similar to that of cowpox virus but lacked one of the main precipitation bands given by all other strains of variola, alastrim ...
N. A. Habahpasheva +3 more
openaire +4 more sources