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Genome Folding Through Loop Extrusion by SMC Complexes
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2021Genomic DNA is folded into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs), which serve important structural and regulatory roles. It has been proposed that these genomic structures are formed by a loop extrusion process, which is mediated by structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes.
Jan-Michael Peters, Iain Finley Davidson
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The role of chromatin loop extrusion in antibody diversification
Nature Reviews Immunology, 2022Cohesin mediates chromatin loop formation across the genome by extruding chromatin between convergently oriented CTCF-binding elements. Recent studies indicate that cohesin-mediated loop extrusion in developing B cells presents immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments to RAG endonuclease through a ...
Yu Zhang +4 more
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Loop Extrusion: Theory Meets Single-Molecule Experiments
Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 2020Chromosomes are organized as chromatin loops that promote segregation, enhancer-promoter interactions, and other genomic functions. Loops were hypothesized to form by 'loop extrusion,' by which structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes, such as condensin and cohesin, bind to chromatin, reel it in, and extrude it as a loop.
Edward J Banigan, Leonid Mirny
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Loop Extrusion Promotes an Alternate Pathway for Isotype Switching [PDF]
Cell Reports, 2021 Class-switch recombination (CSR) involves replacement of the Cμ constant region with another downstream CH region. CSR is initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-mediated DNA breaks that are targeted to transcriptionally active switch (S) regions.
Xue Lei, Amy L Kenter, Yee Ling Wu
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Processive extrusion of polypeptide loops by a Hsp100 disaggregase
Nature, 2020The ability to reverse protein aggregation is vital to cells1,2. Hsp100 disaggregases such as ClpB and Hsp104 are proposed to catalyse this reaction by translocating polypeptide loops through their central pore3,4. This model of disaggregation is appealing, as it could explain how polypeptides entangled within aggregates can be extracted and ...
Mario J. Avellaneda +5 more
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Real-Time Imaging of DNA Loop Extrusion by Condensin [PDF]
Science, 2018 Live imaging of DNA loop extrusion To spatially organize chromosomes, ring-shaped protein complexes including condensin and cohesin have been hypothesized to extrude DNA loops. Condensin has been shown to exhibit a DNA-translocating motor function, but extrusion has not been observed directly.
Cees Dekker +2 more
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Live imaging of DNA loop extrusion
Science, 2018Molecular Biology To spatially organize chromosomes, ring-shaped protein complexes including condensin and cohesin have been hypothesized to extrude DNA loops. Condensin has been shown to exhibit a DNA-translocating motor function, but extrusion has not been observed directly.
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R-loops contribute to chromosome folding by blocking loop extrusion
2021The metazoan genome is folded, at the sub megabase scale, into CTCF-CTCF loops and Topologically Associating Domains (TADs). These structures are crucial for correct gene expression and failure to maintain correct TAD structures can lead to developmental defects and cancers.
Valton, Anne-Laure +4 more
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Loop Systems: A Method of Analyzing their Flexibility in Extrusion and Intrusion
British Journal of Orthodontics, 1977A method of analyzing the flexibility, in the vertical plane, of fixed appliance loop systems is described. An investigation using enlarged loops showed that the box-loop, when considered in isolation, was more flexible during extrusion than during intrusion. The converse was true for the cross-loop.
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